chapter 9

Immigration

Movement of people to a new country.

Nativism

Policy favoring native-born inhabitants over immigrants.

German Immigrants

Migrated to escape political and economic issues.

Irish Famine

1845 potato crop failure causing mass starvation.

Urbanization

Shift from rural areas to cities.

Reformers

Individuals advocating for social improvements.

Public Education

Movement to provide free schooling for all children.

Suffrage

The right to vote

Abolitionists

People advocating for the end of slavery.

Underground Railroad

Network aiding enslaved people to escape to freedom.

Dorothea Dix

Reformer advocating for mental health treatment.

Emma Willard

Opened the Troy Female Seminary for girls.

Frederick Douglass

Former slave who became a prominent abolitionist.

The Liberator

Anti-slavery newspaper by William Lloyd Garrison.

Seneca Falls Convention

First women's rights convention in 1848.

Laborers

Men who worked low-paying jobs in cities.

Servants

Women working in wealthy households.

Property Rights

Legal rights allowing women to own property.

Abolitionist Movement

Growing effort to end slavery in the North.

Twelve Years a Slave

Book by Solomon Northup about his enslavement.

Harriet Beecher Stowe

Author of 'Uncle Tom's Cabin' depicting slavery's cruelty.

Social Problems

Issues like crime and health linked to alcohol.

Asylums

Hospitals for individuals with mental illnesses.