Arch 211 - Mid Term Key Projects

Markets of Les Halles, Victor Baltard (Paris, France, 1853-1870)

• Had running water, gas heat, sewer pipes, glass roofs that covered streets between the buildings

• Large scale sopping center/market

Buttes-Chaumont Park, Adolphe Alphand (Paris, France, 1864-1867)

• Picturesque landscape

• Sublime aesthetic 

• grotto/cave w large waterfall

• traintracks sunken in trenches, hidden

• temple folly on hill

• concrete molds for rustic tree log

Avenida Central, Francisco Perreira Passos (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 1904)

Main boulevard/road

new waterfront: port infrastructure and leisure

Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Luiz de Moraes, Jr. (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 1904-1918)

• Islamic medieval, more than it was french

• Easy to clean spaces - tile walls/floor, metal furniture raised off of floor

• Major influence on modernism in architecture

British Museum, Robert Smirke (London, UK, 1823+)

• Almost completely symmetrical

• Greek revival

  • classicism

  • columns and fluting

• Little ornamentation, “back to basics”

• Worked for Soane

• similar to Altes Museum

• educate public and have culture

• read major axii in plan

• parthenon sculpture (“Elgin marbles”)

• Greek→ timber trusses = flat roof

• Brit→ iron for greek effect

  • industrial equipment

  • modern building

The Crystal Palace, Joseph Paxton (London, UK, 1851)

• Exhibition venue

• Glass and steel

• Was transportable

• showcase agriculture, cultural, industrial

• trade fair

• steam engines, cocoa beans

• stained glass and machinery

• E = other counties

• W = britian

• British India exhibit

  • elephant plushes

  • visually appealing and overwhelming

• iron and glass

  • burned down

• greenhouse specialist

• open windows = vent

• cotton screen on top of glass

  • diffuse light

• color scheme: yellow, red, blue

• heirarchical cultural

Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève, Henri Labrouste (Paris, 1843-1851)

1840’s library

Solid stone box, arcade top

reading rooms

stone pillars transitioning to iron

doric pillars, shallow iron arches

showstopper atop of stairs, main library

Le Bon Marché department store, Louis Auguste Boileau, with Gustave Eiffel (Paris, 1876)

• One companies big store, crystal palace of shopping

• Designed atmosphere between forms rather than the forms themselves

• open structural pieces

• curving staircases

  • floating on air

  • iron isn’t shameful

Kaichi Primary School, Tateishi Kiyoshige (Matsumoto, Japan, 1876)

Giyofu style

“imitation Western”

Japanese carpentry

symmetrical and solid walls

punched out windows and doors

hipped roof, grey clay tiles

walls exterior - stucco walls with stone

walls interior - long plastering technique with bamboo

octogon

arch keystone

railing = japanese carving ornament

sculpture

curved gable

european style angels

inside = european = chalkboard, education models

St. Pancras Station & Hotel, William Barlow / George Gilbert Scott (London, U.K., 1862-1876)

• Gothic qualities, church like

• “Handshake” between iron structure and gothic style

• steeple, polychromatic, pointed arches, medieval venice

• hotel entrance to left, right station

• triangle site

• asymmetrical shapes

• iron for tall arches (never seen before)\

• brick archways

• Oxford Museum, Deane & Woodward, with John Ruskin (Oxford, U.K., 1855-1860)

• Column capitals - they were cast from custom molds, giving them many different forms

• Not completed to the original plan - Ornamental carvings around the windows

• iron and glass

  molds handcrafted (all different)

• skeletal grid

  • living architecture

Red House, Philip Webb and William Morris (Bexleyheath, London, U.K., 1859-1860)

• Arts and crafts

• made by hand by team

• style medieval, gothic

  • pointed arch roofs

  • asymmetrical

  • grow plan inside out

St. John’s Presbyterian Church, Julia Morgan (Berkeley, CA, mostly 1908-1910)

• Mission Revival style 

• showcase carpentry

• wooden interior

• criss-cross ceiling

• rectangle with aisles

  • symmetry

  • humble, simple

• big barn

• window frames with gothic arch

• glass stain yellow

  • warmth

• keltic cross

• Low profile shallow gables

• Almost all wood (wooden walls, columns, roof structure)

• Stained wood

• Electric chandeliers 

• Yellow stained glass windows

• Geometric layers of rafters

Familistère, Jean-Baptiste Godin (Guise, France, 1859)

• Functioned as a m=comunity for 100 years

• iron/glass skylights

• Not a democracy, owner had lots of power bc of “providing” for employees

• troubled by industrial

• owns iron

• built for workers

• daycare

• sewers

• schools

• no bars

• community for 100yrs

• high quality housing and panopticon prison

• colonial system - layer of exploitation

Auditorium Building, Dankmar Adler & Louis Sullivan (Chicago, IL, 1886-1889)

• Steep viewing angle for stage

• art/painted figures representing big themes + creativity

• not ideal theater

• paintings of scenes, landscapes

• curving, vines ornament

• workers get to experience

• rustification = not satisfied

• wants unified idea

  • turns to nature

  • form follows function

World’s Columbian Exposition, Burnham & Root, Olmsted (Chicago, IL, 1893)

• Beaux-Arts design

• The White City (vast, neoclassical buildings painted white, symbolizing purity and progress)

• Landscape integration designed by Frederick Law Olmsted, featuring gardens, lagoons, and walkways.

• Technological showcase

• celebrated America's technological and cultural achievements at the turn of the century.

• celebrate 401 years of Columbus

• electricity, corn, machinery exhibits

• fantasy of european past

• palace of fine arts

  • built to be permenant

• monumental urban space

Women’s Building, Sophia Hayden (Chicago, IL, 1893)

Beaux arts

modern tech

steel architecture

neoclassical strategies

italian renaissance

corner pavillions

temple front

controversy landmark

sexism

Plan for Chicago, Daniel Burnham (1909)

• City beautiful

• Movement inspired by the 1893 exposition in Chicago, which sought to build grand plazas surrounded by monumental Beaux-Arts buildings.

• grand scale

• 1st traffic infrastructure

• chicago loop

• train

• downtown

• districts

• consolidate RR track, make waterfront, like fair

• linear parks

• business elites didn’t wanna give up property

• people with plans want economic growth

The Garden City, Ebenezer Howard (unbuilt, 1902)

• Non-profit cooperative

• combine best parts of towns

• town-country

• society, nature, fresh air

• good quality housing

• job opportunities

• spatial and social plan

• future residents own shares, nonprofit

• coop own all land, officers make deicision

• no individual land lords

  • capitalist econ

  • residents made public responsibilities

• old cities would die out

• had to be a controlled size

  • pop 300 ppl

• ring zones

• each house = garden

  • central park

  • linear arcade, shopping under skylights

  • ideal town

Llano del Rio Settlement, Alice Constance Austin (project for southern California, 1915)

• Kitchenless houses

• Goals of this 

  • To combat the system of "separate spheres" for women.

  • To reduce the cost of construction.

  • To reduce domestic labor, especially for women.

• circle plan

• greener

• socialist society

• underground service tunnels for domestic labor

  • tiles instead of carpets

Guaranty Building, Adler & Sullivan (Buffalo, NY, 1896)

Blank pilasters, and terracotta panels on building

no horizontal brick

vertical goes up and loops

terracotta ornament

baked clay

solved new problems

flower motif

adds colors and glaze

easy to clean

make copies easy

Reliance Building, Charles Atwood for Daniel Burnham (Chicago, IL, 1894-1895

• Glass and steel with terracotta pannels

• Example of early chicago school of architecture work

• max natural light

• curtain wall

  • non structural surface

  • glass

• approaches to the “chicago frame”

• practical thinking

National Pythian Temple, Walter T. Bailey (Chicago, IL, 1917-1928)

• “Skyscraper of Bronzeville” - “Black Metropolis”

• Offices, meeting rooms, auditorium

• black knights

• 8-story block

• 150 seat auditorium

• terracotta crest of pythians

• persian motifs

• exotic mysteries

• egypt

  • great african inspo.

  • symbol of prosperity

  • linked individuals across Great Migration

• building not published

  • building demolished

Paris Metro Station Entrances, Hector Guimard (Paris, France, 1900)

• Art Nouveau

• vines, cast iron painted green

• mass produced, functional

• structural rationalism

• detailed ornament

Sagrada Familia, Antoni Gaudí (Barcelona, Spain, 1883-1926, ongoing)

• Neogothic elements, flying butresses, pointed bell tower

• 5 generations have participated in this build

• Hanging weighted bags from wires - structural geometry

Robie House, Frank Lloyd Wright (Chicago, IL, 1906-1909)

• Elongated house

• Gesamtkunstwerk

• cantilever roof

• long horizontal brick walls

• concrete trim

• planters, mortar joints, bricks

• interior = horizontal expansion, wall of windows, long space dining and living

• abstraction in ornament

• fire place, nook

• atmosphere of farm family

  • nostalgia quality

• mechanization of carpentry

  • 3 car garage

  • 1st house with built in garage

• small town values

• settler colonist theory

Goldman & Salatsch Building, Adolf Loos (Vienna, modern Austria, 1909-1912)

• White plaster, green marble, no ornamentation

• No ornamentation was controversial/rude since it looked like the back of a building and faced the emperors building.

• high end mens’ tailor

• concrete frame

• open plan

• looks like a sewage cover

Citta Nuova (New City), Antonio Sant’Elia and Mario Chiattone (1914)

• Futurist design 

• Vertical urbanism, high-rise buildings and elevated transportation networks.

• emphasis on steel, glass, and concrete for modern construction.

• separation of residential, commercial, and industrial areas.

• Visionary planning

• immense, noble work site

• dynamic, constant movement

• drawings = aesthetic, symmetrical

Einstein Tower, Erich Mendelsohn (Potsdam, Germany, 1919-1921)

• Expressionist design 

• Concrete and brick

• designed as an observatory for solar research.

• Curved lines

• Symbol of science

• sculpt into curvilinear form

  • supposed to be concrete

  • actually brick and plaster

• study of sun, theory of relativity

• big telescope

  • refracting light

Buildings at the Tokyo Peace Exhibition, Horiguchi Sutemi (Tokyo, Japan, 1922)

• Showcasing different ideas like

• Transportation and flying pavilion

• Energy and machine pavilion

• Proposed tower of light

  • pagoda

  • power lines

• Bunriha group

Apartment Building on the Rue Franklin, Auguste Perret (Paris, France, 1902-1904)

• Reinforced concrete

• Modernist façade

• Industrial materials 

• efficient floor plans for urban living.

• even columns

• loggias

• open interiors

• floor to ceilling windows

• glaze, brick, tiles

  • weather proof

  • fancy

  • tile mosiacs

Notre Dame du Raincy, Auguste Perret (Le Raincy, France, 1921-1922)

• Piloti, vaulted ceiling, nave, two aisles

• Industrial/reinforced concrete frame, stained glass

• Gothic + classical + industrial

  • stained glass

• no bases, or capitals

• vaulted ceiling

• nave

• low interior round vaulting

  • pediment triangle

• heavy roof on thin frame

Frankfurt Kitchen, Margarete Schütte-Lihotzky (Frankfurt, Germany, 1926)

• Kitchen designed around work of the person cooking

• Scientific management

• Swiveling stool for easy movement.

• Built-in storage bins for ingredients.

• Removable drawer for food scraps.

• narrow rectangle

• built in storage into walls

• less walking, bending down

• cutting board

  • built in garbage

• swivel stool

• aluminum drawers for ingredients

• standardized heights

  • based on “average” measurements

• keep costs low

Loew’s Wonder Theatres, various architects (1920s-1930s)

• Movie palaces, long feature films

• Architecture and ornamentation was a part of the experience (super fancy), atmospheric theaters

• Lost customers after WWII

• Used nonwestern architecture for novelty, lots inspired by Islamic sources

• baroque

• owned by Paramount

• fake sky

• preserved by Black churches

• non-wester architecture

• Islamic

  • muquarna

  • flattened details

Majestic Theatre, Fan Wenzhao (Robert Fan) (Shanghai, 1941)

• Art deco

• Nyc, hollywood, glamor

• Made america seem super dream like to outsiders

• streamlining

  • turning curves

• reducing ornament

• flatter surface

• fun, smooth version of cosmo city

Monument to the Third International, Vladimir Tatlin (project, 1919-1920)

The volumes inside would have been mechanically rotated at various speeds

communist party

iron, glass 13000ft tower

suspended volumes (cylinder, cone)

assembly hall, theaters

revolving inside, machine

center of town

futurist

asymmetrical axis

The Bauhaus, Walter Gropius & Adolf Meyer (Dessau, Germany, 1925-1926)

• Modernist design

• Glass and steel

• Open floor plans 

• Integration of art and industry

• prioritizing practicality, light, and air in design.

• german school of arts

• zeitgeist

Dom-Ino House, Le Corbusier (project, 1914-1915)

• open floor plan with a concrete frame for flexibility.

• basic elements: slab floors, columns, and a flat roof.

• Industrial materials like concrete and steel for functional, cost-effective construction.

• Revolutionary concept 

• Spatial freedom

• pun

• domicile-innovation

• free plan and facade

• concrete slab and supports

• walls don’t hold up roof

• curtain wall

Esprit Nouveau Pavilion, Le Corbusier (Paris, France, 1925)

• Modernist design

• Industrial materials like concrete, glass, and steel for functional aesthetics.

• Open floor plan 

• Flat roof symbolic of modernity and horizontality in design.

• International Style

• “A machine for living in”

• subjective

• abstracted courtyard house

• storage for paintings

• limit ornament, light

Public schools, Juan O’Gorman (various sites, Mexico, 1931-1933)

Functionalism

all around mexico city

rectangular volumes

arranges around site

windows facing courtyard

facing street=clerestory

roof extends for shade

concrete = lower labor and cost

aesthetic = asymmetrical, supremacist

abstract in 3D

Paimio Tuberculosis Sanatorium, Alvar and Aino Aalto (Paimio, Finland, 1929-1933)

Public health/need

fresh air

Aalto chair design

no cures until 40s

rectangular

terraces

rooms face S for sun

patients comfort

soft color palette

lamp and sink designs

explore functionalism

Villa Savoye, Le Corbusier (Poissy, France, 1928-1931)

• Ode to machine age, sharp + precise 

• Approch like greek temple, has an axis

• Ribbon window

• Roof terrace

• Ramo

• Pilotis

• Car parking underneath

• free facade

• free plan

• white box in forest

• concrete frame, smooth plaster

• LC4 tilting longue chair

  • cradle body

• ramp and architectural promenade

E-1027, Eileen Gray (Roquebrune-Cap-Martin, France, 1924-1929)

•  “Cruise ship analogy” deck makes you feel like you are on a ship

• Funky edges, walls that don’t meet at both ends

• Can move elements, shutters, awnings, furniture

• “A space liberated from normal house rules” 

• Relaxed = open ended architecture

• 5 points of architecture

  • piloti

  • ribbon window

  • free plan

  • roof garden

  • free facades

• modern tech

• murals by Le C

Villa Mairea, Alvar and Aino Aalto (Noormarkku, Finland, 1937-1939)

• Bumpy massing, L shaped

• Materials were beyond industrial and more arts and crafts

• Irregular color and texture

• made for heiress of furniture business

• material

  • industrial, rustication, wood siding, stone, blue glazed tile, fireplace, white piloti

• main enterance

  • abstract canopy

  • piloti surrounded by sticks like log cabin or flated pillar

  • japanese minka

• terracotta tile floors

• walls = white brick

  • abstract painting and sculpture

  • irregular arts and crafts

Azurest South, Amaza Lee Meredith (Ettrick, VA, 1938-1939)

Meredith was apart of the harlem renaissance

streamlined, no ornament, art deco inside

mosiac tile (now lost)

bright open space

functionalist plan, asymetrica;

glass block strips

2 bedrooms = equal - symmetric windows

based on preference

cosmopolitan

King’s Road House, Rudolph Schindler (Los Angeles, CA, 1921-1922)

Used Tilt-up construction

gaps btwn slabs

slit windows

no nuclear family - 2 couples

shared kitchen

each person has art studio

covered sleeping porch

redefining family (open marriage)

Rivera-Kahlo Houses & Studios, Juan O’Gorman (Mexico City, Mexico, 1931-1932)

• two connected houses representing Rivera and Kahlo's personal and artistic identities.

• separate living and studio spaces, reflecting their creative independence.

• Modernist architecture 

• Iconic murals

• vibrant hues tied to Mexican heritage and cultural symbolism.

• clay tile ceiling

• wood floor with yellow pigment

• functionalism

• industrial like public schools and factories

• cacti, succulents

  • rough stone terrace

Schröder House, Gerrit Rietveld with Truus Schröder (Utrecht, the Netherlands, 1923-1924

• De Stijl architecture 

• Open floor plan, flexible, movable walls for adaptable spaces.

• Flat roof 

• Functional spaces 

• Innovative use of glass 

• large windows to integrate interior and ex

• reduce painting down to primary color and shapes

• end of row of townhouses

• like invisible 3D grid

  • black, white, red, yellow, blue

• pharmacist married a lawyer

  • pressure to conform to bourgeoise

  • wanted kids exposed to open-mindedness

Römerstadt Housing Project, Ernst May, et al. (Frankfurt, Germany, 1925-1928)

• Inspired by the Garden City

• One of the outdoor spaces was to be used as a vegetable garden

• farmland

• narrow townhouses

• mass housing crisis

• fits over 1200 families

• gardens = health benefit, light and air

  • productive landscape

  • expected to know how to grow food

  • site on hill

  • curve follows topo

    • prevents boring visual

    • “picturesque”

    • planning a suburb

Contemporary City for Three Million, Le Corbusier (project, 1922)

• proposed a city for 3 million people, focused on efficiency.

• Zoning and skyscrapers

• Modern transportation with wide boulevards and elevated roads for cars and pedestrians.

• high-rise buildings with large, spacious apartments.

• double square, golden rectangle

  • seems orderly

• 10-12 story slabs

  • shrink footage

• green space

• balcony, double heighted patios

• cross shape business towers

  • curtain wall, sculptural group

• towers in the park planning

• tower “downtown”

  • designed by 1 person

  • doesnt follow street grid

  • surrounded by open space

  • everyone will have a car

• “Dream city”

Narkomfin Building, Moisei Ginzburg/OSA Group (Moscow, modern Russia, 1928-1930)

• revolutionary design for collective living.

• Modular apartments 

• Open floor plans 

• Innovative communal spaces with shared kitchens, recreation areas, and laundry rooms.

• Industrial aesthetic 

• section = not every floor has corridor

• most units = 2 stories or 2x height

• tetris, arranged

• every unit = double height, windows

  • build less without corridor

• corridor = social condenser

  • =stoop in city

• owner suite penthouse on roof

• collective block

  • daycare, laundry, cafeteria

• modular, prefabricated units

  • prefer dining with people in cafe

  • concrete, steel, factory curtain wall, white paint, ribbon windows

  • factory aesthetic

Harlem River Houses, various architects (NYC, 1936-1937)

• First PWA housing project, affordable, federally funded homes.

• Modernist design like clean lines, functional style.

• Courtyard layout with open green spaces for light and air.

• Community amenities like playgrounds, nursery, rec center.

• Housing for Black families

The Pentagon, Bergstrom and Witmer (Arlington, VA, 1941-1943)

• Great Depression, simple and not “wasting taxpayer money”, efficient 

• Efficiency extended into the building

• simple

• massive complex

• demolished neighborhood

  • derived from Roman, minimal ornament

  • waffle grid

  • impressive

Palace of the Soviets competition, various entries (projects for Moscow, 1931-1932)

• Bozartsy stripped classism 

• Socialist realism

• Avant-Garde

  • Boris Iofan

  • Ivan Zholtovsky

• Babylonian ziggurat

  • roman

  • russion towers

  • statue

  • mighty and powerful

Sun Yat-Sen Mausoleum, Lü Yanzhi (Nanjing, China, 1925-1931)

• Modern materials/forms = modern nation-state

• Ming tomb next door

• North-South orientation

• Borrowing imperial symbols

• Blown open axis (opposite of Ming tomb)

• sun = clear path

• curved tile roof

• Beaux Arts education

• Nanjing new capital

• reinforced concrete frame

  • stone cladding

  • homage to post and beam system

Casa del Fascio, Giuseppe Terragni (Como, Italy, 1932-1936)

• “House of Fascist” headquarters

• A square. Minimal ornamentation, white marble

• displaying propaganda images on the large "blank" wall to the right of the entrance

• roman

  • concrete clad marble

  • geometry, golden rec, square

    • like arch of Constantine

Party Congress Grounds, Albert Speer (Nuremberg, 1934)

• Long facade, stripped collonade, roman looking

• “Cathedral of light” ring of powerful skylights carrying space up to the negative space

  • organized masses

  • propaganda set for filming

  • labor of prisoners

  • slave camps

• stripped classical colonnades

• roman

• nuremberg

• no ornament

• blank walls look bigger = power

Barcelona Pavilion, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and Lilly Reich (Barcelona, Spain, 1929)

• Can see the materials of marble, glass, stainless steel

• Weimar Germany wanted it to show how it was to rep the governments 

• Last director of Bauhaus

  • Avant-Garde

  • crystal architecture

• abstract aesthetic

  • lines, shifting apart

  • column and wall

  • plain

  • almost no program

• high end material

  • barcelona chair

    • sit on x, on rectangle

• fine stone building

  • onyx, marble

“Futurama” for General Motors, Norman Bel Geddes (NYC, 1939)

• Visionary city model, showcased a futuristic, car-centric America in 1960.

• Highways and speed 

• Zoned urban planning with separated residential, commercial, and industrial areas for order and convenience.

• Skyscrapers and suburbs 

• celebrated innovation, automation, and a streamlined, modern lifestyle.

Radburn, Clarence Stein, Henry Wright, and Marjorie Sewell Cautley (Fair Lawn, NJ, 1928-1929)

suburban neighborhood for car owners

electricity and telephone and car = low density urbanism

backyard farm

no downtown, mainstreet, skyscrapers

private ownership

Broadacre City, Frank Lloyd Wright (project, 1935+)

• Idea for low density, expanded planned living

• Was never built, only in model (@ MoMA)

• Helped expanded the tech for cars

Harlem River Houses, various architects (NYC, 1936-1937)

• First federally funded housing project, built under the Public Works Administration (PWA).

• Modernist design (clean lines, functional forms, and minimal ornamentation)

• Garden courtyard layout 

• open plazas

• issues: racially segregated

• Mixed-use planning like a nursery, auditorium, and stores.

• designed to provide affordable, dignified housing for low-income Black families.

• eminent domain and superblock planning

Manchurian Agricultural Migrant Settlement Plan, Uchida Yoshizaku (unbuilt, 1933)

• Functionalist planning

• Mini house for people and to stop rebellion, max walking distance from farm

• identical villages, 150 households, 5 ppl each + farms

• shops, schools

• no hospitals, aesthetic

• hexagonal

• every 3 villages = 1 major function

• military planners

• surveying from airplanes

Oak Ridge, TN, Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (SOM) (1942-1949)

• 60-70,000 workers who prepped uranium

• Car companies made tanks

• processing nuclear material for atomic bombs

• secret town

• contractors and auto = tanks and assembly lines

  • cemesto board construction

• steel for the army

• new building products

  • kimpreg = navy ships → kitchens

Unité d’habitation, Le Corbusier (Marseille, France, 1947-1952)

• “Living in the sky”, planned living but vertical

• Created community with “street market” floor, city in one building

• Small prefabricated units to “slide” into frame (was not built like this)

• Beton brut, brise soleil

• Inspired other variations like this

• 330 apartments

• og planned to have steel frame

  • concrete instead

New Gourna Village, Hassan Fathy (Luxor, Egypt, 1945-1948)

gov wanted to design for tourists

mud brick for walls, vaults, tombs

monochrome

inherent beauty in construction

plan does not equal modern

spatial model, maintain irregular old village

UNAM Library, Juan O’Gorman (Mexico City, Mexico, 1949-1954)

• Used stone (onyx) used to create the translucent panels seen on the ground floor

• architects make extensive use of a panel-board product called "Cemesto" cause It did not require steel, which was needed for war production.

• windowless book storage

• 10 story flat canvas

  • tell story, express values

Säynätsalo Town Hall, Alvar Aalto (Säynätsalo, Finland, 1949-1952)

• Post war finland

• Wood and brick

• town hall, industrial, small town

• monument to what democratic life will be like

• everyone access to healthcare, etc.

• gov is approachable

  • meeting rooms, library, municiple

• irregular stairs

• no axis

• topo

• arts and crafts palette of materials

  • greenery

  • brick to terrazzo

  • wood roof truss

  • implied lower level with hanging lights

Brasília masterplan and superquadras, Lúcio Costa (Brasilia, Brazil, 1957+)

• Superquadras (superblocks)

• Airplane shaped master plan

• Le corbusier influence (pilotis for openness and light)

• Monumental axis

• cuve=road

Palace of the Dawn, Oscar Niemeyer (Brasília, Brazil, 1957-1958)

• classical with facade of white marble

• colonnade (upside down arcade)

• playful

• grid of piloti

• structure = vertical

• diamond = extra

• interior columns hidden in curtain wall

Tian’anmen Square, various architects (Beijing, China, ca. 1958-1977)

• One of the largest public squares in the world, covering 44 hectares (109 acres

• A blend of Soviet socialist monumentalism and traditional Chinese aesthetics

• north-south axial symmetry

• N-S, E-W boulevards meet

• public square

  • founding place of republic

• shift symbolic center S

  • big central plaza for spectacles

Danwei (work-unit) urbanism, various architects (Beijing, beginning ca. 1955)

• all-in-one microcities, combining housing, workspaces, schools, clinics, and shops — promoting collective living and self-reliance within each unit.

• factories or offices were centrally located, surrounded by residential blocks and communal facilities

• Inspired by Soviet socialist planning

• Human-scale residential blocks