Motor Learning: Topic 2 - Modeling

Provide information about the task through modeling, verbal instruction, and feedback.

What are some strategies that facilitate skill acquisition? (aka how do you help a learner learn?)

demonstrating how to do it

Modeling

learning by watching someone else perform the task

Observational Learning

modeling

In this example the woman is form of teaching is through .

observational learning

In this example the child's is form of learning is through .

Expert model and learning model

What are the two types of learning models?

A correct model and a skilled model

What are the two aspects of the Expert Model?

A person who performs the skill successfully using desired technique free from mistakes

The Expert Model

an unskilled model and a coping model

What are the models used in the Learning Model?

a person who is practicing a motor skill may improve over time, get feedback, make mistakes, and try different strategies

The Learning Model

practice a skill and receive treatment. It is used to measure skill performance

Acquisition

T/F: Modeling does not work.

False

Having learners watch demonstrations and modeling enhances learning.

According to Research 1's conclusion of modeling, why is modeling and demonstrating good for the learners?

expert models

You should provide __ to learners, athletes, and clients.

They may be more effective than still photos with printed words for home exercise.

What was concluded about video-based demonstrations?

Measures the level of skill performance without the treatment (could be immediate or delayed)

Retention (Test)

Measure skill on a similar but not the same task

Transfer (Test)

a lot.

How often should learners watch a model?

Learners who get to see a demonstration more often learn faster than those who see demonstration less often.

According to Research 2 (Sidaway and Hand ) conclusion of modeling, why is watching a model more often better?

Frequency of modeling effect on the acquisition and retention of a motor skill

Sidaway and Hand (1993) studied…

before practice begins and interspersed throughout practice

Acoording to Research 3 (Hebert ) conclusion of modeling, when are the best times to show demonstrations?

The effects of observing a learning model (or two) on motor skill acquisition. Learner 3 was able to retain the most success due to watching the other 2 trails. Learner 1 was at the greatest disadvantage since they were not able to watch others before practicing the task.

What did the study conducted by Dr.Herbert study?

(cup stacking)

📝 What were the findings Dr.Hebert's study? Who was most successful? Who faced a great disadvantage?

It is best to provide verbal instructions and clues along with demonstrations

According to Research #4, is it better to just show or just tell?

This enhances learning and practicing with a partner (and altering) is better than practicing alone.

According to conclusions of Research #5 (Shea, Wulf, & Whitacre), what are the benefits of watching a learner through peer practicing?

Dyad alternating is a good way to learn even though learners got half as many physical practice trials.

What did Shea, Wulf, & Whitacre (1999) find?

practicing alone

Individual practice

practice with a partner (alternate)

Dyad practice

T/F: Watching someone else try something you are doing by manipulating it in a different way increases understanding to learn a task

True

Research shows that both are good and there is not a clear advantage of one over the other.

Is one model (a video expert model vs a learning model) better than the other?

Best is mixed modeling by displaying both an expert and learning model.

Is there a strongest "treatment"?

1. Modeling/demonstrating is good (provide learners the
   opportunity to watch others)

2. More frequent observation is better (learners who see more
   demonstrations learn faster than those who see fewer)

3. When? Show demonstrations (a) before practice begins, and (b) interspersed throughout practice

4. Provide verbal instructions/cues along with demonstrations

5. Dyad practice enhances learning (practicing with partners is better than practicing alone)

6. Combine expert modeling and dyad practice for best results.

📝 What does research indicate about how we (teachers/coaches/trainers/therapists) can use modeling most effectively to help learners?

the model provides information about the skill like how to move your body and strategies to learn the skill and overcome challenges.

What is the primary idea as to why does watching someone else help you get better?

body positions, organization of motion, and coordination

What kinds of information does modeling provide in terms of how to move?

approaches, solutions, and things to do and not to do

What kinds of information does modeling provide in terms of Strategies?

Expert (Correct) Model, Learning Model (Dyad practice), and Mirror Neurons

What are the 3 theories or explanations that defend that modeling enhances learning?

A cognitive representation model in which the observer formulates a cognitive representation of the action "I can remember what it looked like"/ can picture the action

What is the Expert (correct) model?

Imitation and Mimicry

What are the two main concepts involved in Al Bandura's theory: The Expert Model

T/F: In the Expert Model Theory, the learner uses a "blueprint" to guide their own actions and compare their own performance

True

Problem solving and searching for effective strategies by learners engaging in thought processes involved in motor learning by watching peers practice. Learners learn by knowing what to do and what not to do

What is the Learning Model?

It allows learners to understand errors and how to fix them

In Jack Adam's theory, the Learning Model, when learners are learning what to do and what not to do, they consider different approaches and strategies. What is the significance of this in terms of learning?

After watching peers practice, during their own practice, learners spend _____ time exploring strategies and ____ time using those that are more effective.

less; more

Specialized nerve cells in the brain that fire (are active) BOTH when we watch someone else perform task, and when we perform it.

Mirror Neurons

T/F: Observing a model causes similar brain synapses as actually performing the task

True

biochemical changes in the brain

Thought is a result from what?

Observing a model is a form of _ practice that is similar, in some ways, to physical practice

unconscious brain (neuromotor)