chp 1: cell structure [pure bio OLVL]

what are the cell structures in the animal cell?

- nucleus
- cytoplasm
- mitochondria
- ribosome
- golgi body (apparatus)
- SER & RER
- vacoule*

what are the cell structures in the plant cell?

- nucleus
- cytoplasm
- mitochondria
- ribosome
- Golgi body (apparatus)
- SER & RER
- vacuole
- cell wall
- chloroplast
- chloroplast

what are the double membrane organelles?

- nucleus
- mitochondria
- chloroplast

what is function of the nucleus?

- controls cell activities such as cell division, growth and repair
- contains deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) which carries heredity info and provides the cell with its unique characteristics
- surrounded by a nuclear envelope (double membrane) and contains a nucleolus which plays a part in the making of proteins in the cell.

what is function of the cytoplasm?

- site where cell activities occur
- contains enzymes, simplest molecules and organelles

what is the function of the vacoule?

- a membrane-bound sac involved in intracellular digestion and release of cellular waste products
- contains water and food substances
- small and TEMPORARY in animal cells

what is the function of the cell membrane?

- partially permeable plasma membrane
- it controls the substances entering or leaving the cell

what is the function of the mitochondria?

- site of aerobic respiration --> process that oxidises food to release energy
- energy is used for the cell to move

what is the function of the ribosome (free)?

- found in cytoplasm
- site of protein synthesis
*proteins are only used within the cell (x shared)

what is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

- continuous with the nuclear envelope (connected to the nucleus)
- has numerous ribosomes attached to its outer surface

what is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

- does not have ribosome attached to it
- connected to the RER
(specific to cell type)
- lipid steroid hormone synthesis
- breakdown of lipid-soluble toxin in liver cells
- control calcium release in muscle cell contraction
- detoxification

what is the function of the Golgi body (apparatus)?

- a stack of membrane-bound vesicles that are important in storing, modifying macromolecules for transports within/outside of the cell after production

what is the function of the chloroplast?

- contains chlorophyll (traps sunlight), a pigment that absorbs light energy which is essential for photosynthesis
- it is a double membrane organelle

what is the function of the large central vacoule?

- contains cell sap
- storage for nutrients (water and food substances) and waste products
- regulates turgor pressure

how are substances made by the ERs secreted out of the cell

1) vesicles containing substances made by the ER are pinched off from the ER
2) these vesicles fuse with the golgi body
3) the substances in the vesicles are released into the Golgi body and are chemically modified and packaged
4) secretory vesicles containing the modified substances pinch off from the Golgi body and move towards the cell membrane
5) secretor vesicles fuse with the cell surface membrane and release contents out of the cell.

what is the order of organisation?

cells -> tissue -> organ -> organ system -> multicellular organism

what is the definition of cells?

specialised for a particular function

what is the definition of tissue?

a group of similar cells which work together to perform a specific function

what is the definition of the organ?

different tissues working together to carry out a specific function

what is the definition of the organ system?

several related organs working together to carry out a specific function

what is the definition of the multicellular organism?

made up of many organ systems working together