Anatomy - Facial Bones, Girdles and Vertebral Column

The superior and middle nasal conchae are a part of what bone?

The ethmoid bone

What other separate bone occupies most of the nasal cavity?

The inferior concha

The maxillae forms the….

What is a part of the maxillae?

Upper jaw and most of the hard palate.

The palatine process if a part of the maxillae

What are the sockets that hold teeth?

Alveolus

Palatine bones; Horizontal plates; Perpendicular plate

L-shaped bones that divide the oral and nasal cavities from each other posteriorly

Horizontal plates - Form posterior part of the hard palate

Perpendicular plate - Forms part of the lateral wall of the nasal orbit

What do the zygomatic bones form?

Angles of cheekbones and part of each lateral orbital wall

Zygomatic arch

Formed from the temporal process of the zygomatic bone and the zygomatic process of the temporal bone

Lacrimal bones

Form part of the medial wall of each orbit

What houses the lacrimal sac and what is collected here?

Lacrimal fossa; tears collect in sac and drain into nasal cavity

Nasal bones

Form the bridge of the nose

What is the vomer and what is it inferior to?

Inferior part of the nasal septum therefore, the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone is the superior part of the nasal septum

Inferior to the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid

What does the mandible do?

Supports lower teeth and provides attachment for muscles of expression and chewing

What are the three parts of the mandible?

Body, ramus and angle

What does the ramus articulate with?

The temporal bone, condylar process and mandibular condyles

What elevates the mandible?

The coronoid process for the temporalis muscle

What is the notch between the coronoid process and condylar process?

Mandibular notch

Which process is posterior and which is anterior? Condylar process and coronoid process

Coronoid process is anterior; condylar process is posterior

True or false; the condylar process articulates with the temporal bone

True; the condylar process has mandibular condyles

What are the three auditory ossicles in each middle-ear cavity?

Malleus, incus and stapes

Hyoid bone

Slender u-shaped bone between chin and larynx.

Does not articulate with any other bone

For muscle attachment

What does the pectoral girdle consist of? What do these bones articulate with?

Clavicle and scapula

Clavicle articulates medially to the sternum and laterally to the scapula

Scapula articulates with the clavicle and humerus

What does the clavicle do?

Braces shoulder and keeps arm away from the midline

What is the scapula also known as?

The shoulder blade

Where is the spine of the scapula located?

On the posterior surface of the scapula

What is the supraspinous fossa and infraspinous fossa?

Supraspinous fossa - indentation superior to the spine of the scapula

Infraspinous fossa - surface inferior to the spine of the scapula

What is the subscapular fossa?

The anterior surface of the scapula

What is the acromion of the scapula and what does it articulate with?

A plate-like extension of the spine of the scapula; articulates with the clavicle

This process of the scapula provides attachment for tendons of biceps brachii and other arm muscles

Coracoid process

This shallow socket articulates with the head of the humerus

The glenoid cavity

What are the 3 regions of the upper limb?

Brachium (arm proper) - Humerus

Antebrachium (forearm) - Lateral radius and medial ulna

Hand - carpal region, metacarpals and phalanges in fingers

Features of the proximal end of the humerus

Head articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula

Greater and lesser tubercles

Deltoid tuberosity - an attachment to the deltoid muscle

Features of the distal end of the humerus

Rounded capitulum - articulates with the head of the radius

Trochlea - articulates with the ulna

Olecranon fossa - holds olecranon process of ulna

What does the disc-shaped head of the radius allow for? What does the superior surface of the radius articulate with?

Rotation during pronation (medial movement/rotation) and supination (lateral movement/rotation)

Superior surface of the radius articulates with capitulum on humerus

The radial tuberosity of the radius is for the ______ muscle

Biceps

The trochlear notch of the ulna articulates with the ______ of humerus

Trochlea

What is the bony point at the back of the elbow called?

Olecranon - this is a part of the ulna

The coronoid process is a part of what bone?

The anterior of the ulna

What 3 bones is the pelvic girdle composed of?

2 hip bones (coxal bones, also called ossa coxae)

1 sacrum

What 3 childhood bones fuse to form the hip bone?

Ilium, ischium and pubis

What are the 3 distinct features of the hip bone?

Iliac crest - superior crest of hip

Acetabulum - hip socket (articulates with the femur)

Obturator foramen - large hole below the acetabulum

What are the 3 regions of the lower limb?

Thigh (femoral region) - femur and patella

Leg proper (crural region) - medial tibia and lateral fibula

Foot - tarsal region, metatarsals and toes (digits)

What is the thigh bone and what does this bone articulate with?

Femur; articulates with the acetabulum of the pelvis

Patella

Triangular bone embedded in the tendon of the knee

This is the medial leg bone and the only weight bearing-bone in the leg proper area (crural region)

Tibia

This is the lateral leg bone in the leg proper area (crural region)

Fibula

These tarsal bones in the ankle and foot differ from carpal bones due to their load-bearing role

Calcaneus - largest tarsal bone; the calcaneal (Achilles) tendon attaches to the distal portion

Talus - most super tarsal bone

Other foot bones resemble the hand bones in name and positon

Metatarsals

Phalanges - digits/toes; 2 in great toes, 3 in all other toes

What is a function of the spine (vertebral column)?

Protect the spinal cord

What is the sequence of the vertebral regions?

7 cervical vertebrae

12 thoracic vertebrae

5 lumbar vertebrae

5 sacrum vertebrae

4 coccyx vertebrae

General structure of vertebra

Body - spongy bone with red marrow covered with compact bone; weight bearing portion

Vertebral foramina - collectively form the vertebral canal for the spinal cord; vertebral arch; spinous process

Transverse process

Intervertebral foramen

ONLY with 2 or more vertebrae; it’s an opening between 2 adjoining vertebrae and is a passageway for spinal nerves

What is a function of intervertebral discs?

Bind vertebrae together; support weight of the body; absorb shock

Characteristics of cervical vertebrae

C1-C7 - forked spinous process; transverse foramen in each transverse process that provides passage for vertebral artery and vertebral vein

Atlas

C1 - supports the head; has no body; articulates with the occipital condyles; allows us to make the “yes” movement

Axis

C2 - allows head rotation for saying “no”; dens/odontoid process

Characteristics of thoracic vertebrae

T1-T12 - spinous processes are angled sharply downward; no transverse foramina

Characteristics of lumbar vertebrae

L1-L5 - thick, stout body; blunt, squarish spinous process

Identify this bone; what vertebrae are associated with this bone?

Sacrum; sacral vertebrae S1-S5

Identify this bone; what vertebrae are associated with this bone?

Coccyx; Co1-Co4

What does the thoracic cage consist of and what does it protect?

Consists of thoracic vertebrae, sternum and ribs; protects important organs

What is the sternum and what 3 regions does the sternum consist of?

Breastbone - bony plate anterior to the heart

Regions - manubrium (superior), body (middle) and xiphoid (inferior)

How many pairs of ribs are there and how do they attach to the body?

12 pairs of ribs; beginning of the ribs is posterior to the spinal column; the end of the ribs is anterior

Define true ribs, false ribs and floating ribs

True ribs - 1-7, each is directly connected to the sternum

False ribs - 8-10, no direct connection to the sternum

Floating ribs - 11-12, no connection to sternum