bio unit 4

indeterminate growth

grow throughout lives

root system properties

anchors the plant and takes in water and nutrients from soil

shoot system properties

reproduction (flowers & fruits) and photosynthesis

meristems

undifferentiated cells that continuously divide

apical meristems

located at the tip of each root and shoot, when they divide, the root and shoot tips extend plant body outward, cells derived from them for primary plant body

primary growth

process of apical meristem dividing at the ends of the shoot and root to extend the plant outward, allowing it to explore new space

3 distinct cells types from apical meristem

protoderm, ground meristem, procambium

tissue

group of cells that functions as a unit

plants 3 tissue systems

dermal tissue, ground tissue, vascular tissue

vascular bundles

groups of vascular tissue, contain sugar & water

pith

ground tissue inside vascular bundles

cortex

ground tissue outside vascular bundles

monocot

vascular bundles scattered thorughout ground tissue

eudicot

vascular bundles arranged in ring around stem’s perimeter

root hairs

hairs that give more surface to volume ratio, conduct water & ions to shoot

xylem cells

cells that transport water: vessel elements & tracheids

phloem cells

cells that transport sugars : sieve tube members & companion cells

sieve tube members

provide necessary sugars to stay alive, need companion cells, long thin cells that lack nuclei, chloroplasts and major organelles

companion cells

provide sieve tube members with proteins for signaling and ATP for the transfer of molecules between different parts of the plant

dermal tissue

protects plant from water loss & infection

dermal tissue cell types

epidermal, stomata, trichomes

epidermal cells

secrete the cuticle, protecting plant & reducing water loss, first line of defense agianst pathogens

stomata cells

two guard cells that change shape to open or close pore, allows CO2 to enter

trichomes

hairlike appendages made of epidermal cells, found in shoot system, ide variets in shape size & abundance

ground tissue functions

photosynthesis & stores carbohydrates in roots

parenchyma cells

large cell w thin cell wall of cellulose, has chloroplast, primary site of photosynthesis in leaves, found in roots, stems, and leaves

sclerenchyma cells

specialized support cells, forms secondary wall of lignin, contains long fibers for support and sclereids for protection

sclereids

sclerenchyma cell, short & provides protection

vascular tissue

made up of phloem & xylem, transports water & nutrients across long distances in plant

pits

parts where only primary cell wall is present, allows water to move between tracheids

perforations

openings in vessel elements that lack both primary and secondary cell wall, conduct water more efficiently

primary growth

increase in height and depth, increases proximity to sunlight for more photosynthesis

secondary growth

growth in increase and width, increases conducting tissue, produces wood

periderm

protective covering on plant

cambium

secondary/lateral meristem, made up of thick layers of meristematic cells, cells divide to increase width of roots and shoots

vascular cambium and cork cambium

2 types of cambium that undergo secondary growth

vascular cambium

forms between secondary growth of vascular tissues, inside stem, generates new layer of cells to both inside and outside

cork cambium

located near perimeter of stem, produces new cells to outside

secondary phloem

what new cells produced to outside of meristem differentiate into, functions in sugar transport

secondary xylem

what new cells produced to the inside differentiate into, functions in water transplant and structural support, forms wood

cork cells

cells produce by cork cambium that protect woody stem as it increases in girth, part of bark, impermeable to gases and waters

bark

phloem & cork cambium tissues make it up, protect stem as it widens, takes over role of epidermal tissue

lenticels

spongy bark segments for gas exchange

heartwood

darker-color inner xylem region

sapwood

lighter colored outer xylem region

dormancy

slow growth, xylem cells small & thick walled

rapid growth

secondary xylem cells are large and thin-walled

taproot

vertical section of root

lateral roots

horizontal roots

herbaceous plants

seed plant without woody tissue

perennial plant

roots are preserved even if fire destroy the above ground plant

phenotypic plasticity

form phenotypic changes in response to environmental conditions

adventitious roots

roots that develop from the shoot system

prop roots

roots that help brace/prop up plants

pneumatophores

lateral roots that function in gas exchange, transport oxygen to main plant living in anoxic conditions

nodes

where leaves and branches are produced

axillary bud

noes whre leaves attach to stem

apical bud

where growth occurs to lengthen stem & branch

branch

lateral extension of the shoot system

modified shoots

modified stems

succulent stems of cactus, stolons, rhizomes, tubers, thorns

modified stems examples

stolons

stems that run over the soil surface

rhizomes

stem underground that grows horizontally

tubers

modified rhizomes for potatos, store carbohydrates

whorl

circle of leaves on each node

rosette growth form

shortened internode distance of whorl plants

sun leaves

smaller leaves that reduce water loss

shade leaves

larger leaves with more surface area to absorb light

cactus spines, onion bulbs, succulent leaves,tendrils, red pointsettia leaves, venus fly trap

modified leaves

tendrils

enable garden pea and vines to climb

pointsettia leaves

bright red to attract pollinators

venus fly trap

carnivorous plants to make up for lack of N and P in their environment

perfect flowers

flowers that contain both stamens and carpels

imperfect flowers

flowers that contain either stamen or carpels

monoecious

plants have separate stamen and carpel on the same sporophyte

dioecious

plants have either stamen or carpel producing flowers, not on same individual

pollination

transfer of pollen grains from an anther to a stigma

fertilization

when sperm and egg unite to form a diploid zygote

selfing

when sperm and egg from some plant combine to produce offspring, high pollination success, low genetic diversity

outcrossing

when sperm and egg form different individuals combine, low pollination success, high genetic diversity

cross pollination

when pollen is carried from the anther of one individual to the stigma of different individual

temporal avoidance

occurs when male and female gametophytes in a perfect flower mature at different times

spatial avoidance

some species with perfect flower have the anthers and stigma far apart so self pollination is less likely

molecular matching

when pollination is blocked, proteins on pollen grain surface match proteins on stigma, prevents pollination since they are from the same individual

cotyledon

seed leaves

hypocotyl

seed stem

radicle

embryonic root

Unikonta

monophyletic, opisthokonta & ameobozoa, one flagella

Bikonta

descended from 2 flagella organism (other 5 supergroups)

Opisthokonta

fungi & animals, one flagella

Ameobozoa

lack cell wall, engulfment feeding, pseudopods, fresh water & soil environments,

Ameobozoa major groups

tubulinids, cellular slime mold, plasmodial mold

Tubulinids

Gymnameoba & Entameoba

Entameobas

parasites of invertebrates & vertebrates, brain eating ameoba (nagleria fowleria), amebic dysentery

Gymnameoba

soil & fresh water or marine habitat, heterotrophs (feed on bacteria, detritus, protists)

Slime Mold

fruiting bodies that disperse spores, plasmodial & cellular

Plasmodial Slime Mold

forms plasmodial, single supercell w many diploid nuclei, disperse spores when food is scarce, decomposer, brightly colored, cytoplasmic streaming, phagocytosis

cytoplasmic streaming

process of distributing nutrients and O2 through cytoplasm in plasmodial slime molds

cellular slime mold

aggregate mass of separate ameobas, migrate as unified whole, no flagellate stages

1. feeding plasmodium, web-like form

2. when runs out of food, produces fruit bodies from diploid nuclei,

3. sporangia produces flagellate & ameboid cells through meiosis

4. haploid cells unite to go back to diploid

plasmodial slime mold life cycle