AP HUMAN GEOGRAPHY UNIT 4 VOCABULARY

country

an independent political entity

state

political unit

nation

people united by a shared sense of culture

examples of a nation?

kurds, welsh, japanese

nation-state

where a nation of people aligns with the borders of the state

what are examples of nation-states?

japan, iceland, armenia

stateless nations

a nation with no independent state

examples of stateless nations?

kurds, catalans, palestinians

multinational states

when a state contains two or more nations

examples of multinational states?

USA, mexico, china

multinational states may result in (blank)

ethnonationalism

irredentism

the political goal of unifying a nation across existing boundaries

multistate nations

when a nation occupies multiple states

examples of multistate nations?

korea and ireland

autonomous region

governs itself domestically but is not an independent country

example of autonomous region?

greenland

semi-autonomous region

areas that can govern themselves in some aspects but are not sovereign

sovereignty

the ability of a state to exercise control over its territory without interference from outside powers

self-determination

the idea that people have the right to determine their own government

imperialism

the multiple ways a country can influence another

colonialism

imperialist power occupying and settling another territory.

independence movements develop when….

people want to separate from authority and practice sovereignty

the berlin conference of 1884-1885 took little account of….

existing patterns

the berlin conference of 1884-1885 resulted in…

linguistic and ethnic overlap between countries

decolonization refers to the

process by which indigenous people gain independence from colonial powers

the indian independence movement resulted in…

the independent states of pakistan and india in 1947

the catalan independence movement seeks…

autonomy and independence from Spain

catalonia has a distinct language and culture, which serves as a (blank) from the rest of spain.

centrifugal force

why do the basque want an independent state because of their…

unique cultural, linguistic and historical traits

colonialism generally utilized…

military power and conquest

choke points

areas with a narrow opening to make travel difficult

the entity that controls a choke point usually has significant….

political power

example of a chokepoint?

strait of hormuz

shatterbelt

an area with large degrees of cultural/political fragmentation

example of a shatterbelt?

Yugoslavia

territoriality

the connection between people, their culture and economic systems, with the location in which they live

relic boundary

a former boundary that no longer exists but still holds significance

example of a relic boundary?

the berlin wall

superimposed boundary

drawn by outside power with no regard to existing boundaries

superimposed boundary examples?

berlin conference of 1884

subsequent boundary

where people have already settled and established separate cultures

example of a subsequent boundary?

most european states

antecedent boundary

one drawn before many people live in the area

example of antecedent boundary?

49th parallel

geometric boundary

follows straight lines of latitude or longitude

examples of geometric boundary?

49th parallel

consquent boundary

drawn to accommodate existing differences

example of consequent boundary?

india and pakistan border

defined boundaries

established by a legal document

delimited boundaries

drawn on a map

demarcated boundary

identified by a physical marker or barrier

example of a defined boundary?

treaties

examples of a delimited boundary?

county borders/voting districts

example of demarcated boundaries?

fence/border wall

definitional (positional) boundary dispute

conflicts over interpretation of the document

locational (territorial) dispute

conflict over who controls the area

operational (functional) dispute

conflicts over the laws

allocational (resources) disputes

conflicts over who gets the natural resources

demilitarized zone

an area with no military forces

examples of demilitarized zones?

the border between north and south korea

UNCLOS stands for

united nations convention on the law of the sea

territorial sea (12 miles)

states possess control

contiguous zone (12-24 miles)

states can enform customs, tax, immigration and pollution laws

exclusive economic zone (EEZ) 200 miles

states have rights over natural resources

international waters / high seas

open to all states

south china sea

has many countries claiming parts as theirs

reapportionment

when the state changes the number of representatives a state gets based on census results

redistricting

when district boundaries are redrawn by state governments

unitary state

a system where most power is held by the central government

federal states

decentralized political power

with a unitary government, there's …….. potential for evolutionary pressures

less

unitary governments create a (blank) national identity

strong

with a unitary government, laws can be implemented (blank) across the country.

efficiently

with unitary governments, minority groups and their concerns are often (blank)

marginalized.

with a unitary government, local needs may (blank) be met because the central government makes all policies.

not

with a unitary government, laws and policies are often influenced by the (blank) cultural or ethnic group.

dominant

with a federal state, laws are created with (blank) needs in mind.

local

federal governments can react (blank) to immediate needs than the central government can.

faster

in federal states, minority groups can more (blank) maintain their individual cultures and identities.

easily

in federal states, (blank) laws are in effect in states and cities across the country.

differing

in federal states, there is (blank) potential for devolutinary pressure.

greater

it is (blank) difficult to respond to national issues in a federal government.

more

balkanization

the breakup of a region into smaller, ethnically distinct units

example of balkanization?

yugoslavia

supranational organizations

several states achieving common goals and benefits for all member states

example of economic supernationalism?

european union

example of military supranationalism?

north atlantic treaty organization

example of political supranationalism?

united nations

example of environmental supranationalism?

paris climate accords

impact of supranational organizations?

states have to give up aspects of sovereignty to gain membership