Studied by 1 person
Facial Feedback Hypothesis
Facial expressions influence emotional experiences.
Broaden-and-Build Theory
Positive emotions broaden awareness and actions.
Common Sense Theory
Stimulus leads to emotion, then physiological response.
James-Lange Theory
Stimulus causes physiological response, then emotion.
Cannon-Bard Theory
Stimulus triggers simultaneous physiological response and emotion.
Schachter-Singer Theory
Emotion arises from physiological response and cognitive appraisal.
Lazarus Theory
Cognitive appraisal precedes physiological response and emotion.
Zajonc-LeDoux Theory
Emotions occur independently of cognitive appraisal.
Emotional Impact on Attention
Emotions can enhance or impair focus and memory.
Decision-Making and Emotions
Emotions influence the speed and quality of decisions.
Emotions and Relationships
Positive emotions strengthen interpersonal connections.
Health and Emotions
Managing emotions contributes to better mental health.
Cultural Emotion Expression
Cultures vary in emotional expression and interpretation.
Paul Ekman
Studied universal emotions and facial expressions.
Universal Emotions
Basic emotions recognized across cultures.
Mixed Results in Emotion Research
Studies show varying conclusions on emotion universality.
Cognitive Labeling
Cognitive interpretation necessary for emotional experience.
Motivation
A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior.
Motivation - stimulus
Stimulus that directs behavior of humans and animals.
Achievement motivation
Theory that we are motivated to challenge ourselves even without skills, knowledge, or rewards.
Intrinsic motivation
Doing behavior for yourself; stronger and longer lasting.
Extrinsic motivation
Doing behavior for external factors.
Overjustification effect
External factor decreases intrinsic motivation.
Instinct Theory/Evolutionary Theory of Motivation
Named people's behaviors as instincts patterned in a species and focuses on genetically predisposed behaviors.
Arousal Theory
Theory that your environment can affect your drives/arousal and that there is an optimum arousal level.
Hypothalamus
Controls arousal to maintain homeostasis.
Lateral hypothalamus
Activates when it's time to eat and produces orexin.
Ventromedial hypothalamus
Activates to stop eating.
Hormones for hunger
Orexin and ghrelin (more hungry); PYY and leptin (less hungry).
Set-point theory
Hypothalamus tends to maintain a certain body weight.
Garcia effect
Certain foods make you more or less hungry.
Sexual motivation
Drives from biological, psychological, and social factors.
Refractory period
Males enter this period in which they cannot achieve orgasm again.
Approach-approach conflict
Choose between two desirable outcomes.
Avoidance-avoidance conflict
Choose between two undesirable outcomes.
Approach-avoidance conflict
Choice has a desirable and undesirable outcome.
Multiple approach-avoidance conflict
Choose between multiple options that have mixed outcomes.
Drive reduction theory
Individuals are trying to keep their bodies in homeostasis; if their body is moved out of homeostasis, they will become motivated to correct the change.
Self-efficacy
An individual's belief in their ability to succeed in specific situations.
Cognitive Consistency
Individuals seek to maintain a consistent cognitive system; if they experience something that disrupts that, they become motivated to fix the inconsistency.
Eating Motivation
Eating is a complex motivated behavior that demonstrates how physical and mental processes interact.
Hormones in Hunger Regulation
Hormones, such as ghrelin and leptin (regulated by the hypothalamus via the pituitary gland), regulate feelings of hunger and satiety.
External Factors Influencing Eating
External factors like the presence of food, time of day, or social gatherings around meals also influence the behavior of eating.
Peripheral route persuasion
Produces fast results as people respond to incidental cues (like celebrity endorsements) and make snap judgements.
Central route persuasion
Uses evidence and arguments to influence favorable thoughts, leading to more thoughtful and deep changes in behavior.
Foot-in-the-door phenomenon
Tendency for people who first agree with a small request to comply later with a larger one.
Conformity
Adjusting one's behavior/thinking to match other people or a group.
Pyramid of Hate
A conceptual framework that illustrates the progression of hate from biased attitudes to acts of violence.
Social Situations Reflection
An examination of how different social contexts influence behavior and thought processes.
Milgram Experiment
An experiment that measured willingness to obey authority figures, even when it involved harming others.
Stereotyping
Lumping together all people of a particular group based on generalized beliefs.
Informational social influence
Assumption that the group is smarter than the individual; we conform because we want to be accurate.
Normative social influence
Wanting to fit in so we conform to avoid rejection and gain approval.
Compliance
Change in behavior without a change in opinion (going with the group).
Identification
Adopting group's views because the individual values the group membership, often temporarily.
Internalization
Change in behavior and opinion (aka true conformity).
Chameleon effect
Another term for automatic mimicry; helps empathize by mirroring others' visible emotions.
Groupthink
People's desire for harmony in a group leads to suppressing or self-censoring dissension.
Solomon Asch Experiment (1951)
An experiment that studied conformity by having subjects compare line lengths in groups.
Conformity components
Factors that increase the likelihood of conformity, such as feeling incompetent or being in a group of 3+ people.
Prior commitment
Having made a prior commitment to any response decreases the likelihood of conformity.
Group agreement
Conformity is more likely when everyone in the group agrees.
Obedience
Obeying person has to accept that it is legitimate for the command to be made of them.
Obedience explanations
We obey because of social pressures and influences in the environment, including fear.
Obedience vs Compliance
Similar to compliance, but the person giving instructions has to be in authority.
Stanley Milgram Experiment (1961)
An experiment that studied obedience to authority figures.
Social influence theory
Proposes that social pressure to behave or think in certain ways can be normative or informational.
Foot-in-the-door technique
A persuasion technique that involves getting a person to agree to a large request by first setting them up with a smaller request.
Door-in-the-face technique
A persuasion technique that involves making a large request that is expected to be refused, followed by a smaller request.
Altruism
The selfless concern for the well-being of others.
Social facilitation
improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others
Social inhibition
what you find difficult may be even moreso with an audience
Social loafing
tendency for people in a group to put in less effort when pooling efforts toward attaining a common goal
In-groups
groups that we are a part of and favor
Out-groups
groups we do not belong and we often place negative qualities (a form of 'other'-ing)
Deindividuation
process where people lose their sense of socialized individual identity and resort to unsocialized and anti-social behavior
Group polarization
like-minded people share ideas resulting in a more extreme position for every individual
Groupthink
individuals self-censor their own beliefs to preserve harmony in the group
False consensus effect
people often overestimate the levels to which others agree with them
Social traps
when individuals do not unite and act in their own self-interest to the detriment of the group
Industrial-organizational (I/O) psychologists
study how people perform in the workplace
Social exchange theory
social behavior based on weighing costs/beneļ¬ts of our actions
Reciprocity norm
expect people will help us if we help them
Social responsibility norm
people help those needing help even if costs outweigh benefits
Bystander effect
situational and attentional variables predict whether someone is likely to help another person
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
We act to reduce the discomfort/dissonance we feel when two of our thoughts or our thoughts and actions are inconsistent.
Attitudes
Feelings that impact our reactions to objects, people, and events.
Attitude Formation
The process by which individuals develop their feelings and beliefs about various subjects.
Attitude Change
The process through which an individual's feelings and beliefs are altered.
Belief Perseverance
The tendency to hold on to one's beliefs even when faced with contrary evidence.
Leon Festinger
A psychologist who studied cognitive dissonance through experiments involving participants lying about a boring task.
Ingroup
Groups we are a part of.
Ingroup bias
Tendency to favor our own group as opposed to the outgroup.
Outgroup homogeneity bias
Tend to perceive individual differences between members of ingroup, but see everyone in outgroup as the same.
Cross-race effect
We are better able to recognize faces that appear to be our own race than others.
Prejudice
Stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and discrimination that are often implicit and people don't detect the harm or discrimination happening.
Ethnocentrism
Prejudicial belief that one's culture is superior to all other cultures.
Just-world phenomenon
The assumption that things in the world happen for a reason and that it is the world's justice.
Attitudes vs. Personality
Personality refers to lasting traits, while attitudes refer to lasting beliefs.
Cognitive dissonance theory
When there is a disagreement between what we do and what we believe, we change our attitudes to reduce the tension that arises from this disagreement.
