Nutrition 400 Exam 2

At the chemical level of the human body what doe atoms combine to and what are some examples

atoms combine to form molecules

ex: proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, DNA, RNA

Cellular level of human body

molecules form organelles

Ex: nucleus and mitochondria- make up cells

Tissue level

similar cells and surrounding materials make up tissues

Organ level

different tissues combine to form organs, such as the stomach and small intestine

Organ System Level

different tissues combine to form organs

ex: stomach and small intestine

organism level

organ systems make up an organism

Organization of human body order

Chemical, Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ System

atom

the basic unit of a chemical element

Molecule

2 atoms joined by chemical bond

complex molecule

large molecule made up more than one chemical bond

Condensation

makes a reaction and releases water

Hydrolysis reaction

add water, breaking a reaction

atoms are the most stable when the valence shell contains

8 electrons

cation

loss of electrons

Anion

gain of electrons

ionic bonds

cations and anions attract each other

Covalent bonds

atoms share electrons

non polar covalent bonds

have equal sharing

Polar covalent bonds

unequal sharing, partial and negative charges

PH Scale : Acidic, Neutral, Basic/Alkaline

Acidic: ph less than 7

Neutral= 7

Basic/ Alkaline: ph above 7

true or false : Eating an alkaline diet causes your blood PH to rise

False

buffering systems

- resists changes in pH

- found in : blood, kidneys, lungs

- balances homeostasis in the body to prevent acidosis and alkalosis

Acidosis causes

causes starvation and diabetes

Alkalosis causes

- excessive vomiting

- overuse of diuretics/ laxatives

- hyperventilating

redox reaction

Oxidation to reduction

oxidation looses an electron and reduction gains an electron

Free radicals

unpaired electron, making molecules unstable and reactive

oxidative stress can cause

- aging

- heart disease

- cancer

- arthritis

- Neurodegenerative disease

what can help fix free radical damage in the body

antioxidants: can donate an electron without becoming unstable and reactive

cell membrane function

protective barrier that controls what enters and leaves the cell

Smooth ER function

Synthesizes lipids, detoxes harmful substances, helps with carbohydrate metabolism

Rough ER function

to synthesize protein, fold protein , modify protein, and transport proteins

Lysosome function

- cells digestive system , breaks down waste, old organelles, and foreign invaders

- recycle cellular components

Cytoplasm

jelly like fluid, supports and protects cells organelles, maintains shape of cell

Nucleus function

cells control center

protects DNA, controls cell growth, metabolism, reproduction

Mitochondria function

powerhouse, generates most of cells energy with ATP

passive transport

transport across membranes

no atp needed

moves with concentration gradient from high to low

e

examples of passsive transport mechanisms

simple diffusion - passive movement of materials from concentration of high to low

facilitated diffusion: molecules move across cell membrane from high to low concentration with help of transport proteins

Osmosis: net movement of water molecules across a membrane from high water concentration to lower water concentration

Active transport Mechanism

need ATP, going against the concentration gradient. Moving from low to high instead of high to low

Ex of active transport mechanism

carrier mediated active transport - cells need ATP to be carried across the cell membrane , going against the concentration gradient

what is the major difference between passive and active transport

energy (ATP ) requirement

Humans have how many primary tissue types

4

Epithelial tissue

covers and lines body surfaces, organs, and cavities

connective tissue

provides structure to the body by binding and anchoring body parts

Neural tissue

plays a role in communication by receiving and responding to stimuli

Muscle tissue

contracts and shortens when stimulated , plays and important role in movement

what are organs

group of tissues that combine to carry out coordinated functions

which organ filters the blood to remove waste and balance concentration of some nutrients

Kidneys

Ingestion

food is taken into the body

Digestion

food is mechanically and chemically broken down into absorbable units

Absorption

substances are taken up from the gastrointestinal tract into the body

Excretion

Undigested material in our diet and other waste products are eliminated from the body

which subatominc units are found in the nucleus of an atom

A. Neutron and Protons

B. Neutrons and Electrons

C. Anions and Neutrons

D. Protons and Electrons

A.

When dissolved in water , acids will release

a. hydrogen cations

b. hydrogen anions

c. hydroxide anions

d. hydroxide cations

A.

A free radical " steals" an electron from another molecule to stabilize itself. he molecule that lost an electron has been

a. hydrolyzed

b. reduced

c. oxidized

d. condensed

c

which of the following transport mechanisms requires energy for solutes to cross the cell membrane

a. simple diffusion

b. facilitated diffusion

c. carrier- mediated active transport

d. osmosis

c

which type of tissue contracts and shortens when stimulated, playing an important role in movement

a. epithelial

b. neutral

c. muscle

d. connective

c. muscle , think movement

Order the human digestive system level starting with cell level

1. cell level

2. tissue level

3. Organ level

4. Organ system level

what is the first organ in the GI( gastrointestinal tract)

the mouth

what are the 4 accessory organs that secrete fluids and aid in digestion

- Salivary glands

- Liver

- Gallbladder

- Pancreas

salivary glands

produce saliva

- body needs saliva to loosen glands in our mouth so we swallow

- secretes enzymes in saliva to help break down food

Liver

produce bile which is important for the digestion of fat and absorption

Gall bladder

stores bile and releases it into the small intestine

Pancreas

functions in hormonal control, bicarbonate, enzymes, secretes pancreatic juice

what are sphincters

like doors, regulate flow of food , often in between organs , opens when food is coming through and closes when the food has moved

- prevents stomach acid contents from re entering the esophagus like acid reflex

- area between stomach and esophagus

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (Gerd )

issue with gastro esophagus sphincter not closing all the way

- this causes juice to flow up into the esophagus causing acid reflux

bolus

what leaves the mouth is bolus

little bit water but broken down

bolus- in esophagus

Chyme

food that has been chewed up and broke down : this happens in stomach ( small intestine) and esophagus

waste

after chyme leaves small intestine it is called waste

- takes place in small intestine

Mouth function

in chewing mixes food with saliva and begins mechanical digestion

Esophagus function

carries food from the mouth to the stomach

Stomach

adds acids, enzymes, and gastric juice to food, while grinding it into a semi liquid

Large Intestine

absorbs water and some minerals and vitamins and passes waste materials to its lower portion , the rectum, for excretion

what factor affects transit time ?

a. diet composition

b. physical activity

c. illness

d. medications

e. all of the above

e. all of the above

Digestion occurs in two ways

mechanical digestion and chemical digestion

Mechanical digestion

physical breakdown of food

Chemical digestion

- break chemical bonds from large molecules into smaller ones

- involves enzymes and other substances

Mastication

breaking down food through chewing

Peristalsis

propulsion, one way movement pushing through GI tract

Segmentation

mixing things around

Chemical Digestion

Enzymes chemically break down components of food

- found in GI system

- enzymes break down molecules

Ex: proteins get broken down into Amino Acids

Lipase enzyme breaks down fats into fatty acids

are enzymes proteins

yes

Lactose intolerance

Lactase enzyme deficiency that breaks down carbohydrates into lactose

Symptoms: nausea, bloating, abdominal discomfort, diarrhea

true or false can people with lactose intolerance usually eat cheese.

true

can eat lactose free cheese or aged cheese where enzyme has been broke down

treatment for lactose intolerance

Lactose free products, lactase pills, add calcium and vitamin D rich foods or supplement

Cephalic phase

early signaling prepares the GI tract for digestion

ex: Body already starts salivating and preparing for digestive process when you smell chocolate chips in the oven

Mechanical digestion is

mastication - chewing

Chemical digestion

Saliva( amylase)

amylase- enzymes that break down carbohydrates

how many layers of muscle are in the stomach which helps with mechanically digesting food faster

3 layers

why is hydrochloric acid important during digestion and absorption

a. kills harmful pathogens consumed

b. helps to activate digestive enzymes

c. helps to digest dietary protein

d. all of the above

d

On the PH scale stomach acid has a ph of

pH: 2

means its very acidic

what is the major cause of peptic ulcers

a. spicy foods

b. stress

c. obesity

d. bacteria

d. bacteria

caused by a bacterial infection

- very painful

Small intestine

Peristalsis(propulsion) and Segmentation

Primary site for digestion of food and absorption of nutrients

Absorption- leaves Gi tract and comes into the body

Pancreas

secretes: enzymes, bicarbonate, proteases

- release important substances into the small intestine to digest and get nutrients

Need bicarbonate - neutralizes acidity of the stomach so the stomach ligning isnt damaged

why is bicarbonate important for that the pancreas makes bicarbonate for the stomach

Need bicarbonate - neutralizes acidity of the stomach so the stomach lining isn't damaged

true or false do nutrients move from Lumen and is transported into the body and cells

true

Villi and micro villi of small intestine

finger like projections in small intestine

- located in greater surface area of small intestine - catch broken down nutrients that flow through the large surface area making sure they don't build up on the stomach lining

what happens if we loose microvilli and villi ex: celiac disease

broken down nutrients flow through , end up building up on the lining of the surface, those nutrients never get absorbed

what nutrients get delivered to Circulatory system( blood vessels)

- carbohydrates

- amino acids

- minerals

- water soluble vitamins

what nutrients get delivered to the lymphatic system

- fats

- vitamins

large intestine function

absorption of vitamins , electrolytes and water, storage, excretion