ANT100 EVO UOFT

Primate

lemurs, lorises, tarsiers, New World monkeys, Old World monkeys, and Great Apes ( humans)

have: nails, short snout, large brain.

What are the 2 suborders of primates?

Strepsirhini and Haplorhini

Strepsirhini traits

- primate suborder
-wet nosed
-dental tooth comb
- unfused synapses (forehead)
-tapetum lucidum (reflective eyes)
- retain Eocene features (primitive)

Haplorhini traits

-primate suborder
-dry nose
-fused forehead
-postorbital closure

Infraorder(s) or Strepsirhini

Lemuirformes

Infraorder(s) or Haplorhini

Tarsiiformes, Platyrrhini, Catarrhini

lemuriformes

- strepsirhini suborder
- lemurs, galagos, lorises

postorbital bar

ring of bone around eye socket of primates

dinurnal / cathemeral

- active during day, sleep at night
- varying active cycles (depending on food availability)

retinal fovea

eye reduces night vision, improves acuity

platyrrhini

new world monkeys
flat nosed
multisized
prehesile tail

catarrhini

old world monkeys, great apes (humans)
narrow nosed
sitting pads (ischial callosites)
bunodont molars (omnivore trait)
no tail, big brains, large body size
diurnal

tarsiiformes

tarsiers
nocturnal fovias
big eyes
small brains/bodies

day range

area of primate through 24 hour period

home range / core area / territory

area of primate in months/years
most frequently used part of home range
actively defended

social grooming

establish alliances
reconcile conflict
exchange for food and sex
male to female = female sexual activity increases
female to male = male sexual activity decreases

female philopatry / male philopatry

female stay, males leave
VS
males stay, females leave

Philopatry

staying with natal group

red list

lists conservation status of plant/animal taxa of world

diphyodonty / heterodontry

baby (deciduous) teeth replaced by adult teeth

different kinds of teeth

maxilla / mandible

upper jaw (where teeth grow from)
lower jaw

What does diet correlate to in fossil primates?

dental, cranial

foramen magnum (chimp vs human)

A large opening at the base of the skull through which the brain connects to the spinal cord.

chimp = farther back
humans = centred

Era vs epoch

era = 11 units geological time
epoch = 1 unit of geological time

epochs (from most recent)

1) Holocene - 0.01 to now
2) Pleistocene - 2.59
3) Pliocene - 5.33
4) Miocene - 23.03
5) Oligocene - 33.9
6) Eocene - 55.8
7) Paleocene - 65.5

mneumonic device: ""Happy Primates Play Mostly On Earwax pickings""

Paleocene Primates

-65.5
-Plesiadapiforms- "primate-like mammals"
-Not considered true primates
-Lack essential primate traits (no postorbital bar, claws not nails, eyes on side of head, large incisors, no stereoscopic vision)

Eocene Primates

-55.8
-First true primates
Adapoids =strepsarhini ancestor
Omomyids = ancestral tarsiers

Oligocene Primates

-33.9
-Plant and animal extinctions
-Early haplorhines
-Parapithecidae, Propliopithecidae (Aegyptopithecus), Fossil Platyrrhines
-Earliest, definitive Catarrhine

Miocene Primates
(early/middle/late)

-23.03
Old World monkeys + Apes diverged
-early: Proconsul apes evolved in Africa
-middle: Dryopithecus (europe)/Sivapithecus (middle east) + apes spread to Asia and Europe via landbridges
Late - Oreopithecus (Italy) large ape

miocene monkeys - victoriapithecids (mosaic of primative + derived features)

Pliocene Primates

-5.33
-geography/climate causes ape ↓ and monkey ↑
-fossil Cercopithecine (big monkey, Asia/Africa)
-fossil Colobines (smaller monkey)
*messy phylogenetic tree

What taxa does humans share the most common ancestry with?

genus Pan, chimpanzees

Evolutionary Clock

differences in amino acids and DNA sequences accumulate over time, so closer matching species will have a more recent common ancestor.

*the catch: rate of change in amino acids per phylogenetic branch varies through time + calibrated by incomplete fossil record

Paleoanthropology

studies biological evolution of humans/primates

Medical anthropology

studies social, environment and biological influence on health and illness of a population of humans

Forensic Anthropology

studies skeletal remains

common theory

idea based on personal opinion/incomplete info

Darwin's Postulates

1. Struggle for existence (ie pop. expansion is not infinite)
2. Variation in fitness
3. Inheritance of variation

Evolutionary Anthropology

study of morphology, ecology and behaviour of human and non human primates

Primatology

study of living and fossil primates (nonhuman)

Mendels laws

1. Law of Dominance - dominant allele exhibited
2. Law of Segregation - parent alleles separate during meiosis
3. Law of Independent Assortment - alleles are sorted randomly onto genes

Transcription

synthesis of RNA by mRNA unzipping and copying DNA template

Translation

ribosomes synthesize proteins by reading mRNA

tRNA

- carries amino acids to ribosome to make proteins
- release factor

codominance

2 versions of allele are equally expressed (red+white=pink)

resistance to HIV mutation

- viral evolution from vikings due to copying error

stasis

morphological changes do not occur for a period of time

punctuated equilibrium

-species appears, persists shortly, goes extinct
1) rapid speciation event
2) peripatric speciation (like allopatric but includes founders event)
3)constant morphological variation

Early hominin fossils

- found in Africa 2.4MYA
earliest => latest
1) Homo habilis
2)Homo rudolfensis
3) Homo erectus
4) Homo ergaster
5)Homo heidelbergensis
6)Homo antecessor
7)Homo neanderthalensis
8)Homo floresiensis
9)Homo sapiens

Homo habalis

handy man
first to make stone tools
possibly junk taxon

Homo rudolfensis

Kenya
Controversially first "Homo"
mixed up w/ H. habilis

Homo erectus

1.8MYA-27KYA
Asia, Africa
brain and body size changes
used fire + hunting
first to leave Africa

Homo ergaster

East&South Asia&Africa
1.8-1.3 MYA
lack supraorbital foramen

Homo heidelbergensis

Europe and Africa
700-130 KYA
decreased dentition
increased brain size
increased body size

Homo antecessor

-Spain
-1.2 MYA-800 KYA
- controversy surrounding species designation
- 1st hominin in Europe

Homo neanderthalensis

-Europe&Middle East
-300-35 KYA
-stronger + highly athletic
- bigger brains
- made stone tools, hunters, used fire

Homo naledi

-South Africa
-not dated
-traits of both Homo and Australopithecus (endocranial volume)

Homo foresiensis

Indonesia
95-13 KYA
small brain + body
primitive + derived features

Homo sapiens

160 KYA Africa
100 KYA Middle East
40 KYA Europe
increasingly complex stone tools

Human Origins Hypotheses

Replacement hypothesis
- 1 wave of human dispersal
-humans descendants of African H. sapiens
- H. neanderthalenis is evolutionary dead end
Multiregional Hypothesis
- no wave of H. sapien replacement
- H. erectus most recent common ancestor to humans
- H. neanderthalensis contributed to gene pool of humans

Out of Africa Again and Again

- Alan Templeton
- multiple human genes reveals patters of recurrent gene flow

Denisova hominin

russia, related to neanderthals
genes found in South Asians

skin colour adaptation

melanin: UV protection, nutrient protection, Vit.D synthesis
melanin also determines hair colour

sexual variation (biological)

- biological sex is a function of anatomy
- trisomy (3 chromosomes)
-pentasomy (5 chromosomes)

gymnophthalamus

unisexual female lizards that produce girls only

parthenogenesis

Asexual reproduction in which females produce offspring from unfertilized eggs.

sequencial hermaphrodites

clown fish
can change sex depending on environment/hormones

accessing age in skeletons

forensic anthropology
- pre18/20women, pre 25 men you can tell by bone size
- after that its all dependant on wear and tear

accessing sex in skeletons

pelvis

peri-mortem

defect occurred around time of death, likely cause of death

Homo habilis

2-3MYA
Tanzania/Kenya, Ethiopia
extinct species of upright east African hominid similar to australopithicus