Chapter 7 Skeletal System

Conyloid Joint

side to side movement and back and forth (knuckle joints)

gliding joint

allows one bone to slide over another; found in wrist and ankles

saddle joint

Two concave surfaces fit against a convex surface

Thumbs

hinge joint

Joint between bones (as at the elbow or knee) that permits motion in only one plane

pivot joint

a freely moving joint in which movement is limited to rotation

ball and socket joint

allow complete rotation to move in all directions; hips and shoulders

Diaphysis or shaft

a hollow tube made of hard, compact bone, hence a rigid and strong structure light enough in weight to permit easy movement

Medullary cavity

the hollow area inside the diaphysis of a bone; contains soft yellow bone marrow, an inactive, fatty form of marrow found in the adult skeleton

Epiphyses

the ends of a long bone; red bone marrow fills in small spaces in the spongy bone inside the epiphyses; some yellow marrow may appear as a person ages

Articular cartilage

thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering each epiphysis; functions like a thin, smooth rubber cushion would if it were placed over the ends of bones where they form a joint

Periosteum

strong membrane of dense fibrous tissue covering a long bone everywhere except at joint surfaces, where it is covered by articular cartilage

Endosteum

a thin membrane that lines the medullary cavity

Axial Skeleton

Skull

axial or appendicular skeleton? Upper/Lower Extremities, Skull, Spine, Thorax?

Cranial bones

Axial Skeleton

Skull

axial or appendicular skeleton? Upper/Lower Extremities, Skull, Spine, Thorax?

Ear bones

Axial Skeleton

Skull

axial or appendicular skeleton? Upper/Lower Extremities, Skull, Spine, Thorax?

Face bone

Axial Skeleton

Spine

axial or appendicular skeleton? Upper/Lower Extremities, Skull, Spine, Thorax?

Vertebrae

Axial Skeleton

Thorax

axial or appendicular skeleton? Upper/Lower Extremities, Skull, Spine, Thorax?

Ribs

Axial Skeleton

Thorax

axial or appendicular skeleton? Upper/Lower Extremities, Skull, Spine, Thorax?

Sternum

Axial Skeleton

axial or appendicular skeleton? Upper/Lower Extremities, Skull, Spine, Thorax?

Hyoid

Appendicular Skeleton

Upper extremities

axial or appendicular skeleton? Upper/Lower Extremities, Skull, Spine, Thorax?

Pectoral (shoulder) girdle

Appendicular Skeleton

Upper Extremities

axial or appendicular skeleton? Upper/Lower Extremities, Skull, Spine, Thorax?

Arm and Forearm bone

Appendicular Skeleton

Upper extremities

axial or appendicular skeleton? Upper/Lower Extremities, Skull, Spine, Thorax?

Wrist bones

Appendicular Skeleton

Upper extremities

axial or appendicular skeleton? Upper/Lower Extremities, Skull, Spine, Thorax?

Hand Bones

Appendicular Skeleton

Lower extremities

axial or appendicular skeleton? Upper/Lower Extremities, Skull, Spine, Thorax?

Pelvic (Hip) girdle

Appendicular Skeleton

Lower extremities

axial or appendicular skeleton? Upper/Lower Extremities, Skull, Spine, Thorax?

Thigh and Leg bones

Appendicular Skeleton

lower extremities

axial or appendicular skeleton? Upper/Lower Extremities, Skull, Spine, Thorax?

Ankle bones

Appendicular Skeleton

lower extremities

axial or appendicular skeleton? Upper/Lower Extremities, Skull, Spine, Thorax?

Foot Bones

Hyoid Bone

Cranial, Face, Ear or Hyoid Bone?

Hyoid Bone: U-shaped bone in neck; not joined to any other bone (not part of skull); between mandible and upper edge of larynx

Ear Bone

Cranial, Face, Ear or Hyoid Bone?

Stapes: Stapes means “stirrup”—shape of bone (2)

Ear Bone

Cranial, Face, Ear or Hyoid Bone?

Incus: Incus means “anvil”—shape of bone (2)

Ear Bone

Cranial, Face, Ear or Hyoid Bone?

Malleus: Malleus, incus, and stapes are tiny bones in middle ear cavity in temporal bone; malleus means “hammer”—shape of bone (2)

Face Bone

Cranial, Face, Ear or Hyoid Bone?

Vomer: Forms posterior, back part of nasal septum (1)

Face Bone

Cranial, Face, Ear or Hyoid Bone?

Inferior nasal concha: Form curved “ledge” along inside of side wall of nose, below middle concha (2)

Face Bone

Cranial, Face, Ear or Hyoid Bone?

Palatine: Form posterior part of roof of mouth and floor and side walls of nose and part of floor of orbit (2)

Face Bone

Cranial, Face, Ear or Hyoid Bone?

Lacrimal: Small bones; help form medial wall of eye socket and side wall of nasal cavity (2)

Face Bone

Cranial, Face, Ear or Hyoid Bone?

Mandible: Lower jawbone articulates with temporal bone at condyloid process; only bone of skull that moves freely; mental foramen is hole for blood vessels and nerves (1)

Face Bone

Cranial, Face, Ear or Hyoid Bone?

Zygomatic: Cheek bones; also help form orbit (1)

Face Bone

Cranial, Face, Ear or Hyoid Bone?

Maxilla: Upper jawbones; also help form roof of mouth, floor, and side walls of nasal cavity and floor of orbit; large cavity in maxillary bone is maxillary sinus (2)

Face Bone

Cranial, Face, Ear or Hyoid Bone?

Nasal: Small bones that form upper part of bridge of nose (2)

Cranial Bone

Cranial, Face, Ear or Hyoid Bone?

Eithmoid: Complicated bone that helps form floor of cranium, side walls and roof of nose and part of its middle partition (nasal septum—made up of the ethmoid’s perpendicular plate and the vomer bone), and part of orbit; contains honeycomblike spaces, the ethmoid sinuses; superior and middle conchae are projections of ethmoid bone; form “ledges” alongside wall of each nasal cavity (1)

Cranial Bone

Cranial, Face, Ear or Hyoid Bone?

Sphenoid: Forms central part of floor of cranium; pituitary gland located in small depression in sphenoid called sella turcica (Turkish saddle); muscles attach to pterygoid process (1)

Cranial Bone

Cranial, Face, Ear or Hyoid Bone?

Occipital: Forms back of skull; spinal cord enters cranium through large hole (foramen magnum) in occipital bone

Cranial Bone

Cranial, Face, Ear or Hyoid Bone?

Temporal: Form posterior sides of cranium; contain middle and inner ear structures; mastoid sinuses are mucosa-lined spaces in mastoid process, the protuberance behind ear; external auditory canal is tube leading into temporal bone; muscles attach to styloid process(2)

Cranial Bone

Cranial, Face, Ear or Hyoid Bone?

Parietal: Form bulging topsides of cranium (2)

Cranial Bone

Cranial, Face, Ear or Hyoid Bone?

Frontal: Forehead bone; also forms front part of floor of cranium and most of upper part of eye sockets; cavity inside bone above upper margins of eye sockets (orbits) called frontal sinus; lined with mucous membrane (1)

12

Next 12 vertebrae; ribs attach to these

How many bone are in the Thoracic vertebrae?

7

Upper seven vertebrae, in neck region; first cervical vertebra called atlas; second, axis

How many bone are in the cervical vertebrae?

5

Next five vertebrae; located in small of back

How many bone are in the Lumbar vertebrae?

1

In child, five separate vertebrae; in adult, fused into one

How many bones are in the Sacrum?

1

In child, three to five separate vertebrae; in adult, fused into one

How many bones are in the coccyx?

14

Upper seven pairs; attached to sternum by costal cartilages

Bones in the Thorax

True ribs

10

Lower five pairs; first three pairs attached to sternum by costal cartilage of seventh ribs; lowest two pairs do not attach to sternum, therefore called floating ribs

Bones in the Thorax

False Ribs

1

Breastbone; shaped like a dagger; piece of cartilage at lower end of bone called xiphoid process; superior portion called the manubrium

Bones in the Thorax

Sternum

no movement

No Movement, Slight Movement and Free Movement

Synarthroses

slight movement

No Movement, Slight Movement and Free Movement

Amphiarthroses

free movement

ball-and-socket: shoulder and hip joint

hinge: elbow

pivot: Head of radius rotating against ulna

saddle: carpometacarpal joint of the thumb

gliding: Articular processes between vertebrae

condyloid joints Alantooccipital Joint

No Movement, Slight Movement and Free Movement

Diarthroses

Reduces the angle of the joint, as in bending the elbow

Flexion (to flex a joint)

Increases the angle of a joint, as in straightening a bent elbow

Extension (to extend a joint)

Increases the angle of a joint to move a part away from the midline, as in moving the arm to the side and away from the body

Abduction (to abduct a joint)

Decreases the angle of a joint to move a part toward the midline, as in moving the arm in and down from the side

Adduction (to adduct a joint)

Spins one bone relative to another, as in rotating the head at the neck joint

Rotation (to rotate a joint)

Moves the distal end of a bone in a circle, while circumducting a joint, keeping the proximal end relatively stable, as in moving the arm in a circle and thus circumducting the shoulder joint

Circumduction (to circumduct a joint)

can flex, extend, abduct, adduct, and circumduct (thumb)

saddle joints