PCB3713C - Midterm

Superior

Top

Inferior

Below

Anterior

Front

Posterior

Back

Ventral

Front/Belly Side

Dorsal

Back/Spine Side

Medial

Middle of body

Lateral

Side of the body, away from the middle

Proximal

Center of the body

Distal

Away from the body

Visceral

Organ lining

Parietal

Cavity lining

Inter-

Between

Intra-

Within/Inside

Cis-

Same

Trans-

Opposite

Apical

Lumen of the tube

Basolateral

Outside of the tube

Cell Theory

1. Organisms are composed of one or more cells

2. Cells make up the basic unit of life

3. Cells come from Pre-existing cells

Cell Membrane

Phospholipid bilayer composed of proteinsO

Phospholipid Tails

Hydrophobic and lipophilic area of the cell membrane/phospholipid

Phospholipid Heads

Hydrophilic part of the cell membrane/phospholipid

Micelle

Organized phospholipid in a single layer

Liposome

Organized phospholipids in a bilayer

Selective Permeability

A feature of the cell membrane preventing large molecules and charged molecules from crossing

Transmembrane Protein

Protein that crosses over both sides of the bilayer

Embedded Protein

Protein that attaches to a single layer of the bilayer without crossing

Lipid-Anchored Protein

Protein that attaches to the lipid tails of the bilayer

Peripheral Membrane Protein

Protein that attaches to the bilayer without covalently attaching to it

Integral Proteins

Permanent structural components of cell membranes that extend through the entire lipid bilayer

Communication Proteins

Proteins used for signaling across the membrane

Ligand-Binding Protein

Transmembrane protein that has specific ligands that bind to it, causing a conformal change and result in events

Adhesion Molecules

Protein that binds to physical contacts in the extracellular matrix or other cells

Channels

Allows specific molecules or proteins to pass through the membrane

Carries

Actively transports molecules across the membrane

Pump

Carrier protein that transports molecules over a membrane

Nucleus

Houses a cell’s genetic information

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Site of protein and lipid synthesis, also acts as a Ca²⁺ reservoir

Rough ER

Synthesizes membrane-associated proteins and secreted protein

Smooth ER

Lipid synthesis and Ca²⁺ ion reservoir

Golgi Complex

Process proteins into a saccule and relaxes them into their subcellular destination

Lysosomes

Site of old cell organelle breakdown

Mitochondria

Site of ATP generation

Signal Transduction

Use of a chemical or physical signal to stimulate a cell protein to elicit a cellular response

Receptor

Protein that gets stimulated by a signal

Endocrine Mechanism

Uses hormones to act on distant tissue

Paracrine

Use of chemicals to act on neighboring cells

Autocrine

Use of chemicals to stimulate itself

Juxtacrine

Physical contact with other cells to send signals

Ligands

Chemical that binds to a receptor on the cell surface

Second Messengers

Aids in sending the extracellular signals to downstream proteins

Regulation of Second Messengers

Activation produces 2nd messengers, Deactivation destroys 2nd messengers

Ligand-Gated Receptors

Channels that open or close based on the attachment of a ligand

Ion-Gated Receptor

Channels that open or closed based on the attachment of an ion

Kinases

Integral protein that adds a phosphate group, typically increases enzyme activity

Phosphatases

Integral protein that removes phosphate groups, typically decreases enzyme activity 

Nuclear Receptors

Stimulates or inhibits gene transcription; Transcription regulator

G-Protein Coupled Receptors (GPCRs)

Use of G-Proteins to induce downstream effects in a cell

G-Protein

Protein that is attached to GPCR and activates 2nd messenger systems

GTP/GDP

Activation system for G-Proteins; Acts as a toggle

Transcription

Production of mRNA from DNA. Made in the nucleus

Translation

Production of amino acid sequence from mRNA. Made in the ribosomes

Genes

Segment of DNA transcribed into RNA

Regulatory Elements

DNA sequences that control gene transcription

Transcription Factors

Binds to regulatory elements in DNA to control transcription

Intracellular Fluid

Fluid in the cells, making up 60% of TBW

Extracellular Fluid

Fluid outside the cells, making up 40% of TBW. Consists of Blood Plasma, Interstitial Fluid, and Transcellular Fluid

Electrolytes

Solutes in a liquid to aid in electroneutrality

ECF Electrolytes

Na⁺, Cl^-

ICF Electrolytes

K⁺, Negatively Charged Proteins

Flux

Movement of solutes across a membrane

Noncoupled Transport

Movement of solute without being affected by other solutes

Permeability

Ability for a solute to move through a membrane

Driving Force

Energy of a solute to move through a membrane

Downhill Transport

Moving the solute concentration from high to low

Uphill Transport

Moving the solute concentration from low to high

Passive Transport

Downhill transport of a solute across a membrane

Facilitated Diffusion

Downhill transport of a solute using a channel

Active Transport

Uphill transport of a solute across a membrane

Net Flux

Inward flux subtracted by the outward flux

Steady-State

Conditions of a solute concentration do not change with time

Equilibrium

The driving force is zero. There is no net transport

Nonequilibrium Steady State

A constant flux that requires energy to maintain

Electrochemical Potential Energy

Energy of a solute based on voltage and concentration

Nernst Equation

Describes the equilibrium voltage of an ion

Simple Diffiusion

Movement of an uncharged solute through a membrane

Fick’s Law

Flux rate based on the membrane and concentration

Permeability Coefficient (P_x)

Solute’s ability to move through a membrane

Pores

Channel allowing for any solute to freely move through

Channel

Conduit that is gated open or closed

Carrier

Double gated channel, moving certain solutes in exchange for others

Gated-Ion Channel

Channel that open/closes based on the signal

Transmembrane Carrier

Solute binds to a protein to enter, and unbinds to exit

Na-K Pump

Movement of 3 Na⁺ out, in exchange for moving 2 K⁺ in using one ATP. Net +1 charge out of the cell

Contransporter

Moves a solute uphill and another downhill in the same direction

Exchanger

Moves a driving solute and driven solute in opposite directions

Aquaporins (AQPs)

Water pores that allow for increased water permeability

Oncotic Pressure

Pressure of water due to water following solutes

Ultrafiltration

High oncotic pressure moving water through a capillary, filtrating it

Membrane Potential

Difference of cytoplasmic electric potential and the extracellular electric potential