Human Motor Development Pwpt 1

Intro to Motor Development

What is Human Motor Development?

A process through which we pass during life and a “robust and important scientific area of study”

What are the 2 components of Human Motor Development?

• A human process

• An academic field of study

What is the human process?

changes the occur in our ability to move as we proceed through life

what is the academic field of study as it relates to human motor development?

the study of changes in human movement across the lifespan and the processes that affect those changes

What are the 4 domains of human development?

• cognitive

• affective

• psychomotor

• physical

What is cognitive development

intellectual development

what is affective development

social/emotional aspects of development

what is psychomotor development

(motor) development of human movement

what is physical development

all types of bodily change

What is age appropriateness

the predictable sequences of growth and development through which most children pass

What is individual appropriateness

the uniqueness of each child

• individual patterns and rates of growth, as well as unique personalities, approaches to learning and home experiences

What are the 6 elements of developmental change

• qualitative

• sequential

• cumulative

• directional

• multifactorial

• individual

What is the qualitative element of developmental change

• movement quality becomes smoother and more fluid, the child isn’t walking more, they are walking smoother

• development change

• is not just “more of something”

• may not aways be a progressive or positive change

What is the sequential element of developmental change

• development occurs in a predictable sequence

• the sequential element of change implies: certain motor patterns precede others and the patterns are orderly in their appearance

What is the cumulative element of developmental change

• the reason they happen in sequence is because you are building a cumulative group of skills

• behaviors are additive (current behaviors are built on previous ones)

What is the directional element of developmental change

• development is a spiral line up instead of a straight line

• development has an ultimate goal

• development is progressive (training) or regressive (aging or disease) - skills can become less mature

What is the multifactorial element of developmental change

• reminds us how resilient development can be

• if only one factor affected development, we’d get wiped out early

  • resources, housing, economic, community, school, insurance, rehab, medical care etc.

• no single factor directs change

• factors that can influence developmental change include physical characteristics and emotional factors (environment)

What is the individual element of developmental change

• sequence is similar across individuals but the rate will be different across individuals, the timeline is different

• rate of change varies for all people though the general sequence of development remains relatively similar

What is the developmental perspective

researchers want to understand more than the current movement behavior

• today’s behavior, what preceded the behavior, and what will evolve from it

What is maturation

• change in organization and behavior

• qualitative functional changes occurring with age

• organizational changes in the function of the organs and tissues

• the individuals behavior is subsequently modified because of these qualitative changes

what is growth

• quantitative structural changes occurring with age

• just getting bigger

• an increase in physical size

  • both male and female individuals experience a growth spurt

What are the 2 types of developmental direction

• cephalocaudal

• proximodistal

What is cephalocaudal developmental direction

• “from head to tail”

• human development progresses the top of the body, the head, downward toward the feet

• ex. learning to walk

what is proximodistal developmental direction

• “from closest to the body center to points close to the periphery”

• referring to the tendency to acquire motor skills from the center outward, as when children learn to move their heads, trunks, arms and legs before learning to move their hands and feet

• ex. grasping

What is Differentiation

• progression from gross or immature movement to precise, well-controlled, intentional movement

What is Integration

• various muscle systems function together

What is gross movement

• controlled primarily by large muscles or muscle groups

• walking and running

what is fine movement

• small muscles or muscle groups

• drawing, sewing, playing a musical instrument

What is the Product approach

the focus is on the end result or outcome

• did the child catch the ball?

What is the Process approach

the focus is on the movement itself, with little attention to the outcome

• what is the child’s technique when trying to catch the ball?

What is the age range of an infant

0-1

What is the age range of toddlers

1-4

What is the age range of early childhood

1-7

What is the age range of middle childhood

7-9

What is the age range of late childhood

9 - puberty (12)

What is the age range of adolescence

12-20

What is the age range of early adulthood

20-40

What is the age range of middle adulthood

40-60

What is the age range of late adulthood

60-death

What is a stage (in terms of development)

• particular times in life are characterized by certain behaviors

• ex. terrible twos

• helps to depersonalize the behavior

• stages have behaviors attached to them

What are the stages of development according to Metcalfe and Clark (mountain)

• reflexive

• preadapted

• fundamental patterns

• context specific

• skillful

• compensation

What is the analogy with the mountain of development

it is progression, sometimes followed by regression

there are periods of development, each period contributes a skill acquisition that’s necessary for the next period