Movement Review

Puritanism ( Common Belief / Universal Ideas )

Puritanism ( Common Belief / Universal Ideas )

A religious reform movement originating in England during the late 16th and 17th centuries, emphasizing strict moral conduct, predestination, and the importance of personal religious experience.

Predestination

• Moral and religious fervor

• Plain style in writing

• Hard work, discipline, and thrift

• The Bible as the ultimate authority

Puritanism ( Representative Texts )

Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" by Jonathan Edwards

Age of Reason (Enlightenment)

A philosophical movement in the 17th and 18th centuries that emphasized reason, science, and individualism over tradition and religious authority.

• Reason and logic as the primary source of authority and legitimacy

• Importance of science and empirical evidence

• Deism (belief in a rational God)

• Natural rights and the social contract

• Advocacy for democracy and justice

Representative Texts ( Englightment)

“ Common Sense “ by Thomas Paine

Romanticism/Transcendentalism

A literary and philosophical movement in the late 18th and early 19th centuries that emphasized emotion, nature, and individual intuition as a response to industrialization and rationalism.

• Emphasis on emotion, nature, and individualism

• The sublime and the beauty of the natural world

• Imagination and creativity

• Rejection of industrialization and organized religion

• Self-reliance and intuition

Representative Text ( Romanticism )

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Impressionism

A 19th-century art movement focused on capturing light and natural forms, emphasizing the effects of light and color.

• Focus on capturing a moment in time, especially in terms of light and color

• Short, "impressionistic" brush strokes

• Open composition and emphasis on overall effect rather than detail

• Subjects often include landscapes, everyday life, and urban scenes

Realism

A literary and artistic movement that emerged in the mid-19th century, Realism sought to depict everyday life and society with a focus on accuracy and truthfulness, often highlighting the lives of ordinary people.

• Detailed, accurate depiction of everyday life

• Focus on middle and lower classes

• Rejection of romanticism and idealization

• Examination of social issues and conditions

Representative Text

O pioneers

Naturalism

• Determinism: belief that human behavior is determined by environment, heredity, and social conditions

• Focus on the darker aspects of life and human nature

• Realistic, often pessimistic, depiction of life

• Influence of scientific theories like Darwinism