Victorian Era FINAL

A comprehensive set of flashcards covering important concepts, figures, and events from the Victorian Era, intended for study and review.

National Efficiency

A political and social movement aimed at improving Britain's competitiveness amid economic threats, focusing on productivity, public health, military readiness, and education.

Lyons Cafes

A chain of British teashops known for their cultural significance and unique waitresses called 'Nippies', operating from 1894 to 1981.

Michael Barrett

The last man publicly hanged in England, executed in 1868 for his role in the Clerkenwell explosion.

Tonga

A Pacific Island kingdom known for not being colonized and becoming a British protected state in 1900.

Robert Chambers

Scottish author and co-founder of W. & R. Chambers, known for 'Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation'.

'The Angel in the House'

A poem by Coventry Patmore idealizing the Victorian woman as nurturing and morally focused.

Sherlock Holmes

A fictional detective created by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, embodying Victorian values and rationality.

Queensberry Rules

A set of rules governing boxing, introduced by John Graham Chambers and endorsed by the Marquess of Queensberry, published in 1867.

'Structural' Unemployment

Long-term unemployment caused by economic changes rather than cyclical fluctuations, particularly affecting workers during industrialization.

Garrotting Panics

Moral panics in Victorian London over street violence known as garrotting, involving fear and public outcry during the 1850s.

Master & Servant Law

Laws regulating employer-employee relations, favoring employers and requiring obedience from servants.

Coverture

A legal doctrine that merged a married woman's identity with her husband’s, limiting her legal rights.

Battle of Omdurman

A decisive military battle in 1898 between Anglo-Egyptian forces and Mahdist Sudanese forces, resulting in a British victory.

Royal Irish Constabulary

A quasi-military police force in Ireland responsible for law enforcement during British rule.

Mary Seacole

A British-Jamaican nurse known for her work during the Crimean War, providing care to soldiers.

London Metropolitan Police

The first modern police force founded in 1829 to maintain public order in London.

Girton College

The first residential women's college at the University of Cambridge, established in 1869.

Contagious Diseases Acts

Laws allowing police to medically examine and confine women suspected of prostitution, passed in the 1860s.

'Scramble for Africa'

The rapid colonization of Africa by European powers during the late 19th century.

Empress of India

Title conferred upon Queen Victoria in 1877 to symbolize British rule over India.

Augustus Egg

A British Victorian artist known for his social commentary in genre paintings.

Corporal Punishment

Physical punishment used in schools and judicial settings in Victorian Britain.

Benjamin Disraeli

A British statesman and novelist, twice Prime Minister, known for his role in expanding the British Empire.

Diamond Jubilee

The 60th anniversary celebration of Queen Victoria's reign in 1897.

Albert Memorial

A monument commissioned by Queen Victoria in memory of her husband, unveiled in 1872.

Bartholomew Sholto

Fictional character from Arthur Conan Doyle’s novel, involved in the plot surrounding the Agra treasure.

The Great Agra Treasure

A fictional treasure in 'The Sign of the Four' that symbolizes greed and misfortune.

Natural History Museum

A major museum in London, opened in 1881, dedicated to natural history and scientific research.

Charles Booth

British social reformer known for mapping poverty and working conditions in London.

'Bloody Code'

A set of laws mandating the death penalty for more than 200 offenses, prevalent from the late 17th to early 19th centuries.

Right to Strike

The legal right of workers to withdraw labor for better working conditions, established throughout the 19th century.

'Breadwinner Wage'

The Victorian ideal that a man's wage should be enough to support his family.

Domestic Service

The largest occupation for women in Victorian Britain, involving work as housemaids and in higher-class households.

Frances Power Cobbe

A women's rights activist and reformer known for her works on suffrage and animal welfare.

George IV & Caroline

Their tumultuous relationship became a national scandal in early 19th century England.

'A Place in the Sun'

A phrase symbolizing European imperial ambitions for colonies, notably used by Germany in the late 19th century.

William Ewart Gladstone

A British Prime Minister known for championing reform and the Liberal party.

'Mother of all Parliaments'

Phrase coinage emphasizing England's role as the origin of modern parliamentary democracy.

Victoria & Albert

The royal couple symbolizing the values of the Victorian era and public service.

'Methods of Barbarism'

Criticism of British military conduct during the Second Boer War.

1867 Reform Act

Legislation that expanded the voter franchise in Britain, primarily for working-class men.

Holywell Street

A notorious London street known for radical publications and dissenting literature.

James Keir Hardie

Scottish politician and founder of the Labour Party, advocating for workers and women's rights.

Tom Brown’s School Days

A novel depicting the life of a schoolboy at Rugby School, highlighting British public school values.

Sir Titus Salt

An industrialist known for creating the model village Saltaire for his workers.

Bishop Wilberforce vs. T.H. Huxley

A public debate representing the conflict between religion and science over evolution.

Married Women’s Property Act

Legislation granting married women the right to own property independently, enacted in 1882.

WSPU (Women’s Social and Political Union)

A women’s suffrage organization known for militant activism founded by Emmeline Pankhurst.

Emily Davies

A social reformer and educator known for founding Girton College and advocating for women’s rights.

Florence Nightingale

Founder of modern nursing, significantly improving sanitary conditions during the Crimean War.

Jonathan Small

Fictional character in 'The Sign of the Four' involved in the theft of the Agra treasure.

Lady Palmerston

Prominent society hostess and political influencer in 19th-century England.

'Householder' Suffrage

Election reforms providing voting rights to property-owning men in 19th century Britain.

Anglo-German Naval Rivalry

Tension between the UK and Germany over naval supremacy in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Walter Bagehot

British journalist known for analyzing British government in 'The English Constitution'.

Charles Kingsley

An author and social reformer associated with Victorian social issues and the Christian Socialist movement.

Evangelical Anglicanism

A movement emphasizing personal faith and activism within the Church of England.

'Protective' Legislation

Laws enacted to protect women and children in the workplace, often reducing their employment opportunities.

Harrod’s

A luxury department store in London, established in 1849.

Suez Canal

A man-made waterway crucial for trade and the British Empire, constructed between 1859 and 1869.

'Recessional'

A poem by Rudyard Kipling reflecting on imperial pride and the transience of power.

Sir William Blackstone

An influential jurist known for his 'Commentaries on the Laws of England'.

Matrimonial Causes Act

Legislation establishing civil divorce and allowing for legal separation based on various grounds.

'Casual' Unemployment

Irregular employment patterns that contribute to poverty, prevalent during the Victorian era.

'Disinterested' Elite Government

The ideal of governance by a wealth-sensitive and elite class who claimed to act for the nation without personal interest.