Nutrition and Metabolism Overview

Flashcards covering key terms and definitions from the nutrition and metabolism lecture.

Ghrelin

A hormone secreted from parietal cells in the stomach that raises hunger signals shortly before eating.

Leptin

A hormone secreted by adipocytes that lowers hunger over a long term, correlated with fat storage.

Insulin

A hormone secreted by pancreatic beta cells that lowers hunger and stimulates glucose and amino acid uptake.

Macronutrients

water, carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.

Micronutrients

Vitamins and minerals

nutrients cannotn be synthesized, must come from DIET.

Glycolysis

The first step of glucose metabolism occurring in the cytoplasm that does not require oxygen and produces pyruvate.

Krebs Cycle

A series of chemical reactions in the mitochondria that processes pyruvate into CO₂ and H₂O, yielding 32-38 ATP.

Glycogenesis

The process of converting glucose into glycogen for short-term energy storage, stimulated by insulin.

Glycogenolysis

The breakdown of glycogen into glucose, stimulated by glucagon and epinephrine.

Thermoregulation

The body's process of maintaining a stable internal temperature through balancing heat production and loss.

Lipogenesis

The process of converting excess carbohydrates into fat, stimulated by insulin.

Vasodilation

The widening of blood vessels to enhance heat loss from the body during high temperatures.

Vasoconstriction

The narrowing of blood vessels to conserve heat in the body during low temperatures.

CCK

Hormone secreted from enteroendocrine cells, lowers hunger and stimulates the secretion of bile.

insulin does what to glucose?

brings it down

glucagon does what to glucose?

brings it up

extra carbs are converted to?

fat