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Biochemistry
The branch of science dealing with the properties of biological molecules and the chemical processes that occur within living organisms.
Electronegativity
A measure of an atom's ability to attract a shared electron pair in a bond.
Hydrophilic Interactions
Interactions between polar molecules that form hydrogen bonds with water.
Hydrophobic Interactions
Interactions where non-polar molecules clump together in the presence of polar molecules.
Atomic Number
The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, which also equals the number of electrons in a neutral atom.
Radioisotope
An unstable isotope that undergoes nuclear decay over time by emitting radiation.
Half-life
The time taken for one half of the nuclei in a sample to decay.
Covalent Bond
A bond formed when two atoms share valence electrons.
Ionic Bond
A bond that forms between a metal and a non-metal, where electrons are transferred leading to the formation of ions.
Functional Groups
Specific groups of atoms within molecules that have distinct chemical properties and dictate their function.
Polar Molecule
A molecule that contains polar bonds and has an unequal distribution of charge, making it hydrophilic.
Non-polar Molecule
A molecule that has non-polar covalent bonds or polar covalent bonds with an equal distribution of charge, making it hydrophobic.
Intramolecular Forces
Forces that hold the atoms within a molecule together.
Intermolecular Forces
Forces of attraction that exist between molecules, including hydrogen bonds, dipole-dipole interactions, and London dispersion forces.
Isotope
Atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons.
Valence Electrons
The outermost electrons of an atom that can interact and chemically combine to form compounds.
Crystal Lattice
A structure formed by ionic compounds in which ions are arranged in a repeating three-dimensional pattern.
Hydrogen Bonding
The attraction between the slightly positive hydrogen end of a water molecule and the negative end of another molecule; the strongest of intermolecular forces.
Molecular Formula
A representation that shows the number of each type of atom in a molecule.
Structural Formula
A representation that shows how different atoms are bonded together in a molecule.
