4Q READING AND WRITING SKILLS

Argumentative Essay

A type of essay that presents arguments about both sides of an issue.

Argument

A __reason or set of reasons__ given with __the aim of persuading others__ that an action is right or wrong.

**FALSE** - It’s the other way around.

(TRUE/FALSE)

A claim can be used to support an argument because the argument must be defended.

**FALSE** - Claim

(TRUE/FALSE)

The **argument** is the position or assertion in relation to an issue.​

__**Contains a strong stance**__ and is __**persuasive**__; backed up with well-researched, accurate, detailed, and current information to support the thesis statement

What makes a good argumentative essay?

Even thought this intro includes full sentences and a good opinion an __**argumentative essay is all objective**__. This intro also includes emotional appeals. Also, it’s only supporting the benifits without providing why it is bad.

Do you like to go to school? What about being able to enjoy summer break? Well it's not fair people are trying to take this away from us. Summer breaks give us kids a chance to have fun with our friends. I like the calender the way it is. Summer break is the best part of the year, not being trapped in a classroom in the heat.

\
**What makes this Argumentative Essay bad?**

A **claim** is a statement that one asserts as *true* in relation to an issue.

An **argument** is a set of statements chained together to show, demonstrate, to prove a claim. __**It uses logic and/or evidence to support the claim.**__

Argument **VS**. Claim

Claim of Policy

Just as smoking ads have been banned in order to decrease the urge to engage in an unhealthy behavior, soda ads should be banned for the same reason.

**What kind of claim is this?**

Claim of fact

Studies have shown that exposure to violent media is a risk factor for violent behaviors.

**What kind of claim is this?**

Claim of policy

In order to insure that graduates are competitive for top jobs in their fields, the college must put additional resources into its career services office and internship programs.

**What kind of claim is this?**

Claim of Policy

A legislation should be passed to stop the sale of cigarettes.

**What kind of claim is this?**

Claim of Policy

The city’s board of education should institute an honors program not only for high school students, but for elementary and junior high school students as well.

**What kind of claim is this?**

Claim of value

The Career Support Network is an excellent resource for people who are considering a mid-life career change.

**What kind of claim is this?**

Claim of value

The basic keys to success are perseverance and discipline.

**What kind of claim is this?**

Claim of fact

Vaping can lead to increased blood pressure, lung disease, and insulin resistance.

**What kind of claim is this?**

Explicit Claim

It is ______when the claim is clearly stated and spelled out and there is no room for confusion.

Implicit Claim

(TRUE/FALSE)

It is _____ claim when it is not directly stated but is either suggested in the wording or necessary to execute the purpose.​

TRUE

(TRUE/FALSE)

The word claim comes from the Latin word ***clamare***, which means “to cry out, shout.”

**CLAIM OF FACT**​

It is a claim that asserts empirical truth and can be determined by careful observation of the past, present, or future.​

**CLAIM OF VALUE**​

It is arguable since it is based on one's subjective opinion, judgment, appraisals, and evaluations. 

**CLAIM OF VALUE**​

It’s the kind of claim that contains keywords that are a matter of judgment rather than fact: good, well, kind, useful, desirable, etc.

**CLAIM OF POLICY**​

The claim that provides specific and measurable actions that need to be done in order to address issues or concerns presented in an argument or proposition.

INTRODUCTION

This part of an argumentative essay attracts the attention of readers to the essay and gives the reader background information about the topic.

Hook

The introduction of an argumentative essay should contain this to draw in the attention of a target reader to read the next consecutive paragraphs.

**FALSE -** The thesis statement is found in the intro.

(TRUE/FALSE)

The thesis statement which states the author’s clear position on the issue is usually stated in the body of an argumentative essay,

BODY

This part of an argumentative essay is where the author elaborate the facts of the given thesis statements to discuss his points and arguments further to the readers.

Recommendations

**Conclusion : ______________________**​

**Introduction: THESIS STATEMENT**​

TRUE

(True/False)

The conclusion should address all the same parts as the thesis statement while making it clear that the reader has reached the end.

CONTEXT

It is defined as parts of a written or spoken statement that precede or follow a specific word or passage, usually influencing its meaning or effect.​

Hypertext

What do you call the method of organizing and accessing text through __**hyperlinks**__?

**FALSE -**  Hypertext is a non-linear way of presenting information

**(TRUE/FALSE)**

A Hypertext is a linear way of presenting information that is accomplished by creating “links” between information.​

Vannevar Bush

Who proposed Hypertextuality?

Julia Kristeva

Who proposed Intertextuality?

Memex

Vannevar Bush created this conceptual system for storing data and retrieving it in an easy and organized manner.

QUOTATION

**(INTERTEXTUALITY)**

A __**direct reference**__ to another text with an acknowledgment to its composer.​

TRANSLATION

**(INTERTEXTUALITY)**

The process of __**converting written or spoken words from one language to another**__ while retaining the original message's meaning and context.

**PARODY**

**(INTERTEXTUALITY)**

Imitation of another text for a __**satirical**__ purpose; usually to mock or make fun of the work.​ An imitation of the style of something that is deliberately exaggerated to create a __**comedic**__ effect.​

PASTICHE

**(INTERTEXTUALITY)**

This deliberately copies the work of a different artist, a different style, or a different period. An integration of styles from a certain movement or era.​

ALLUSION

**(INTERTEXTUALITY)**

A subtle or indirect reference to another text, historical period, or religious belief.​ _______ rely on the audience's knowledge of other texts, places, or time to develop meaning.

Historical Allusion

**(INTERTEXTUALITY)**

An allusion to a historical event or period.

Mythological Allusion

**(INTERTEXTUALITY)**

An allusion to a mythological figure or story.

Literary Allusion

**(INTERTEXTUALITY)**

An allusion to literary text or figure.

Religious Allusion

**(INTERTEXTUALITY)**

An allusion to a religious text, story, or figure.

Article

This is a a nonfictional prose composition usually forming an independent part of a publication (such as a magazine).

Non-Fictional prose

A literary work that is very much based on facts, or may contain fiction in certain contexts

Article Review

A critical and retrospective evaluation of a certain scientific or literary piece by discussing its purpose, main idea, and arguments as well as the critique’s positive or negative response about it.

**FACTS, STATISTICS, and EXAMPLES.**​

What are the best evidences to support arguments?​

TRUE

**(TRUE/FALSE)**

An Article Review should include the critique’s impression of the article which should be both factual and objective.

TRUE

(TRUE/FALSE)

Understanding the main points and arguments of the article is essential for an accurate summation of the reviewed articles.

Book Review

This describes and evaluates a work of fiction or nonfiction and offers the book’s overall purpose, structure, and style of narration to unknown readers.

TRUE

(TRUE/FALSE)

A literature review can be just a simple summary of the sources, but it usually has an organizational pattern and combines both summary and synthesis.

**LITERATURE REVIEW**

This kind of review discusses published information in a particular subject are; Sometimes, information in a particular subject are within a certain period

A **summary** is a recap of the important information of the source.

A **synthesis** is a reorganization, or reshuffling, of that information.

Summary **VS** Synthesis

**FALSE -** Academic research paper:

**(TRUE/FALSE)**

The main goal of a Literature review is to develop a new argument.

foundation and support

**Academic research paper:** develop a new argument

**Literature Review:**

Convey it to your reader

**(Which strategy in writing a literature review?)**

It may not have a traditional thesis statement, but you do need to tell readers what to expect. Try writing a __simple statement__ that lets the reader know what is your *main organizing principle.*

Consider organization

**(Which strategy in writing a literature review?)**

Develop an organization for your review at both a global and local level.

Find a focus

(Which strategy in writing a literature review?)

Selectively consider what themes or issues connect your sources together.