circulatory system, grade 11

single circulatory system

circulation system where blood flows through the heart by way of a single closed loop, or circuit. there is one atrium and one ventricle. blood is pumped one in path around body. found in fish.

Incomplete double circulatory system

blood flows through the heart by way of a closed loop or circuit. It is a 3 chambered heart. there are 2 atria and one ventricle. blood is pumped twice in path around body.

Double circulatory system

A system in which blood passes twice through the heart on one complete circuit of the body. there are 2 atria and 2 ventricles. Deoxygenated blood and oxygenated blood is kept separately.

3 main blood vessels

arteries, veins, capillaries

Arteries

carries blood away from the heart. muscular walls that have a lot of elasticity. they expand when heart pumps blood, then snap back when ventricles start to fill.

-all except one carry oxygenated blood. they lead to arterioles.

pulmonary artery

the artery carrying deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs.

Arterioles

smallest arteries, carry blood to tissues, lead to capillaries.

Capillaries

the smallest blood vessel. one cell thick. diffuses oxygen into tissues and carbon dioxide into blood. diffusion is rapid.

Venules

small vessels that gather blood from the capillaries into the veins. capillaries unite to become them. they drain blood from capillaries into veins.

Veins

blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart. All veins, with the exception of the pulmonary veins, carry blood containing carbon dioxide and other waste products. The pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart. they are not elastic so they rely on valves and skeletal muscles to keep blood going the right way.

blood

Connective tissue made of plasma, erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets. 55% plasma, 45% cells

Plasma

Fluid portion of blood. pale yellow and clear. mostly water, some dissolved blood protein.

plasma proteins

albumins, globulins, fibrinogen

white blood cells

Blood cells that destroy pathogens, and antibodies to incapacitate them.

Platelets

fragments of cells that are involved in blood clotting

blood clotting

thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin - a mesh of a clot to stop bleeding

red blood cells

oxygen transport. disc-like shape allows them to bend slightly. no nuclei, contains hemoglobin. are produced in bone marrow.

sinoatrial node

found in right atrium. it stimulates muscle fibers that makes the heart contract and relax rhythmically. both atria contract at the same time.

atrioventricular node

found in right atrium on the septum near ventricle. sends electrical impulses to ventricles to make them contract.

Purkinje fibers

fibers in the ventricles that transmit impulses to the right and left ventricles, causing them to contract

adrenal glands

when the body's need for more oxygen and nutrients increases, the medulla oblongata sends a message to these glands that sit over the kidneys to produce noradrenaline.

Noradrenaline

when this chemical reaches the sinoatrial node, it simulates it increasing the heart rate.

Acetylcholine

is a chemical that slows down the firing of the SA node, slowing down the heart rate.

systolic pressure

is the pressure produced when the ventricles contract; is the maximum pressure in cardiac cycle.

diastolic pressure

is the pressure produced while just before ventricles contract; is the minimum pressure in the cardiac cycle.

spygmomanometer

instrument for measuring blood pressure; also referred to as blood pressure cuff. cuts off blood pressure temporarily through the brachial artery. the sound of blood flow are listened to and measured.

arteriosclerosis

- arteries loose elasticity and become hardened. most common type is atherosclerosis; the build up of plaque in and around arteries, increasing blood pressure.

- treated with clot-busting medication (ex. aspirin).

- ANGIOPLASTY; a tube goes into clogged artery a balloon is inflated to force the artery open, a ventricular stent keeps it opened.

aneurysm

a bulge in the weakened wall of a blood vessel, usually an artery.

-treated with surgery to replace the damaged parts of the blood vessel and a patch is used to replace it

regurgitation

blood flows back or forwards because the valve didn't close all the way.

-treated with surgery to repair and replace valves.

-stenosis

narrowing of a heart valve opening that restricts blood flow due to thickening or scarring.

-treated with surgery to replace or repair valves.

arrhythmia

irregular heartbeat or rythem. may lead to lack of blood-flow to brain and other organs.

- treated with surgery to insert an artificial pacemaker.

congential heart defects

defects present since birth, includes problems with septum, the valves. and structure of blood vessels.

-surgeons repair this.

stroke

Arteries supplying blood to brain are damaged, cutting off the flow of oxygen and nutrients.

ischemic stroke

a clot blocks the blood flowing in brain.

hemorrhagic stroke

occurs when a blood vessel in the brain ruptures and causes bleeding.

blood returning to the heart

is high in carbon dioxide and low in oxygen

right atrium

blood from the superior and inferior vena cava lead here

tricuspid valve

blood flows into the right ventricle through this valve.

pulmonary valve

blood flows from the right ventricle through this valve into the pulmonary artery; into the lungs.

pulmonary veins

carry the oxygenated blood from the lungs into the left atrium of the heart

mitral valve

valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle; also called bicuspid valve. leads the blood to the aorta

Aorta

The large arterial trunk that carries blood from the heart to be distributed by branch arteries through the body.

open circulatory system

A circulatory system that allows the blood to flow out of the blood vessels and into various body cavities so that the cells are in direct contact with the blood

closed circulatory system

A circulatory system in which blood is contained within vessels and kept separate from other organs

ventricular walls

thicker than arterial walls because they are more muscular and elastic to force blood in the right direction.

left ventricle wall

thicker than the right ventricle wall so it can generate enough force to pump blood to the whole body except lungs.

right ventricle

pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs

coronary blood vessels

blood vessels that carry blood to and away the tissues of the heart muscle itself.

heart strings (chordae tendinae)

tendinous strands in the heart that hole atrioventricular valves in valves in place. are attached to papillary muscles.

lub-dub sound

caused by the ventricles contracting

Fish circulatory system

Single circulatory system, 2 chambered heart, blood flows in one direction, and is pumped once in path around body

frog circulatory system

incomplete double circulatory system. 2 atria, 1 ventricle. blood pumped twice

human circulatory system

complete double circulatory system, 4 chambered heart. blood pumped twice in path around body.

semilunar valves

blood travels from the left ventricle to the aorta through this valve