Indian Classical Music and Dance Forms Overview

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Last updated 4:21 AM on 7/18/25
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345 Terms

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Khayal

Khayal is a well known dance drama of Rajasthan. It is traditional theater form, derived from Khel (play) based on mythological, historical tables.

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Natya Shastra

Natya Shastra, in full Bharata Natya Shastra, is a detailed treatise and handbook on dramatic art that deals with all aspects of classical Sanskrit theatre. It is believed to have been written by the priest Bharata (200 BC - 200 AD). It is also known as the fifth veda as it has been evolved by taking words from the Rigveda, music from the Samaveda, gestures from the Yajurveda and emotions from the Atharvaveda.

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Ustad Allah Rakha

Ustad Allah Rakha learned tabla under the great master (Ustad) Mian Qadir Baksh. He was an expert in Hindustani classical music and considered himself to be from Punjab Gharana. He often performed with sitarist Pandit Ravi Shankar. Allah Rakha received Sangeet Natak Akademi Award in 1982 and Padma Shri in 1977.

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Pandit Ravi Shankar

Pandit Ravi Shankar was born on 7 April 1920 in Varanasi. He was an Indian musician, known for popularizing Indian classical instrumental music all over the world. The major list of albums of Ravishankar's are- Three Ragas - Taana Man, Farewell my friend and The Sounds of India.

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Sarod

Sarod player Amjad Ali Khan enriched Indian music with an instrument which is similar to the folk instrument 'Rabab' brought from Iran. He was awarded Padma Bhushan in the field of arts by the Government of India in 1991 and Padma Vibhushan in 2001.

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Prabha Atre

Prabha Atre is a famous Indian music singer of Kirana Gharana of India. He has been awarded the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award in 1991, Padma Shri in 1990, Padma Bhushan in 2002 and Padma Vibhushan in 2022.

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Ustad Aamir Khan

Famous singer Ustad Aamir Khan is the founder of Indore Gharana. His singing style is a mixture of Kirana and Bhindi Bazaar Gharana.

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Ali Ahmed Hussain Khan

Ali Ahmed Hussain Khan was an exponent of Shehnai.

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Bhajan Sopori

Bhajan Sopori was a famous Indian santoor player and belonged to the sufiana school of music. Sopori was awarded the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award in 1992.

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Pandit Ravi Shankar's Instrument

Pandit Ravi Shankar is known throughout the world for playing the Sitar.

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Khagen Mahanta

A famous folk musician of Assam state, popular as Bihu Samrat, awarded the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award in 1992.

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Manna Dey

A famous personality in the field of Music, real name was Prabodh Chanra Dey.

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M. Balamuralikrishna

An Indian music legend credited for composing taals like Trimukhi, Panchmukhi, Saptamukhi, and Navamukhi; a Carnatic singer and multi-instrumentalist.

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Pandit Bhimsen Joshi

An Indian classical singer from Karnataka, born on 4 Feb 1922, belonging to the Kirana Gharana tradition.

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Rahul Dev Burman

A famous film composer known as Pancham Da, born on 27 June 1939 and died on 4 January 1994.

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Gangubai Hangal

An Indian singer from Karnataka known for her deep and powerful voice in the khayal style of Hindustani classical music.

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''Bombay'' Jayshree Ram Nath

A famous singer of Carnatic music, awarded the Padma Shri in 2001.

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Zakir Hussain

Famous for playing the tabla.

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Pandit Shivanath Mishra

A famous Sitar player of India, awarded Padma Shri in 2022, dedicated to the people of Banaras.

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Chhajju Khan

One of the founders of the Bhindi Bazaar Gharana in Mumbai Hindustani music.

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Bhindi Bazaar Gharana

Founded by ustad Chhajju Khan, Nazir Khan, Khadim Hussain Khan, and Ustad Aman Ali Khan.

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Sheikh Chinna Maulana

A famous maestro who played the Nadaswaram instrument in the Carnatic tradition and was awarded the Padma Shri in 1977.

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Nadaswaram

A musical instrument played by Sheikh Chinna Maulana, known for its use in Carnatic music.

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M.S. Subbulakshmi

The first musician to receive the Bharat Ratna and the Ramon Magsaysay Award in 1974.

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Ramon Magsaysay Award

An award received by M.S. Subbulakshmi in 1974.

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Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande

A landmark figure in Indian musicology, related to Hindustani music, not Carnatic music.

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Santoor

A classical musical instrument associated with Pandit Shivkumar Sharma, known as Shatatantri Veena.

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Sirpur National Dance and Music festival

Organized every year in Chhattisgarh state of India.

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U. Srinivas

A famous player of the Mandolin, awarded Padma Shri in 1998.

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Mandolin

A musical instrument played by Uppalaya Srinivas, known for its use in Carnatic classical music.

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Pandit Ram Narayan

An Indian musician associated with the Sarangi, popularizing it in Hindustani Classical Music.

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Padma Shri

An award received by Sheikh Chinna Maulana and U. Srinivas for their contributions to music.

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Raga Alapana

A style rendered by Sheikh Chinna Maulana through his excellent control over the Nadaswaram.

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Hindustani Music

A style of Indian classical music, distinct from Carnatic music.

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Carnatic Music

A style of Indian classical music primarily associated with South India.

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Shyama Shastri

A notable figure in Carnatic music, listed among musicians in the context of Bharat Ratna.

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Tyagaraja

A prominent composer in Carnatic music, listed among musicians in the context of Bharat Ratna.

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K.J. Yesudas

A renowned Carnatic musician, listed among musicians in the context of Bharat Ratna.

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Ghatam

A percussion instrument not associated with Pandit Ram Narayan.

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Flute

A musical instrument not associated with Pandit Ram Narayan.

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Tabla

A percussion instrument played by Zakir Hussain.

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Mridangam

A percussion instrument listed among options played by Sheikh Chinna Maulana.

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Violin

A string instrument listed among options played by Sheikh Chinna Maulana.

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Padma Bhushan Award

An award given for distinguished service in various fields, awarded in 2002.

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Grammy Award

An award presented by the Recording Academy to recognize excellence in the recording industry, awarded in 1992 and 2009.

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Rupkonwar

A title given to Jyoti Prasad Agarwal, a popular musician from Assam.

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Karnatak Music

A style of classical music limited to Karnatak, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, and Kerala.

48
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Queen of Thumri

A title given to Girija Devi, a famous Indian classical singer from Banaras Gharana.

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Sitar

A musical instrument played by Shahid Parvez Khan, Budhaditya Mukherjee, Anushka Shankar, and Harishankar Bhattacharya.

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Carnatic music composers

The trinity of Carnatic music refers to Tyagaraja, Muthuswami Dikhitar, and Shyama Sastri.

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Aftaab-e-Sitar

An honor received by Ustad Vilayat Khan for his unique style of playing the sitar.

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Girija Devi

A classical singer known as the 'Queen of Thumri', awarded Padma Vibhushan in 2016.

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Faiyaz Khan

An exponent of the Agra Gharana of Hindustani classical music, associated with the Tabla.

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Ustad Vilayat Khan

An Indian classical sitar player known for his unique singing style of playing sitar.

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Anuska Shankar

A famous player of the sitar, part of the group of musicians mentioned.

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Harishankar Bhattacharya

A famous player of the sitar, part of the group of musicians mentioned.

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Nandini Shankar

A musician known for playing the violin.

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Ragini Shankar

A musician known for playing the violin.

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Aruna Sairam

A musician associated with Carnatic music.

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T.M. Krishna

A musician associated with Carnatic music.

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Gayatri Girish

A musician associated with Carnatic music.

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Pandit Kishan Maharaj

A musician of the Banaras Gharana known for playing the tabla.

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Uppalapu Srinivas

An Indian Mandolin player and composer of Carnatic classical music, awarded Padma Shree in 1998.

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Ustad Amjad Ali Khan

A famous Indian Sarod player known for his clear and fast 'Ekhara Taan', awarded Padma Vibhushan in 2001.

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Ustad Bismillah Khan

Related to the musical instrument Shehnai, awarded Bharat Ratna in 2001.

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Ramnad V Raghavan

An artist known for playing the Mridangam.

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Pandit Shivkumar Sharma

Associated with the Santoor.

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Pandit Birju Maharaj

Awarded the Padma Vibhushan for the Kathak style of classical dance.

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A.R. Rehman

Known as 'The Mozart of Madras' in India, a playback singer and music director who has won two Oscar awards.

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Pakhawaj

A musical instrument played by Pandit Kishan Maharaj.

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Dhol

A musical instrument played by Pandit Kishan Maharaj.

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Sufi devotional Music

A genre of music that is spiritual in nature.

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Ghazal music

A genre of music characterized by its poetic form.

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Veena

A musical instrument not specifically associated with any mentioned artist.

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Shehnai

A musical instrument associated with Ustad Bismillah Khan.

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Dr. N. Rajam

A famous player of Violin, born in 1938 in Chennai (Tamil Nadu).

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Bappi Lahiri

A popular music director in India, born in 1952 in Jalpaiguri, West Bengal.

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Asgari Bai

A Dhrupad singer born in 1918 in Chhatarpur, Madhya Pradesh, who died in 2006.

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Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam

The thirteenth President of India, known as Missile Man, who played the Veena.

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Totaram Sharma

Related to the Pakhawaj instrument.

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Ustad Shakoor Khan

An excellent Sarangi player of the twentieth century.

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Kathakali

A performing art that flourished in South India in the seventeenth century under the patronage of the Prince of Karnataka.

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Mudras in Kathakali

There are 24 main mudras and many other mudras in Kathakali.

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Shri Maniprasad

Related to Carnatic Vocal Music.

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Pakhawaj Players

Ustad Rehman Khan and Gopal Das are notable players.

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Flute Players

Hari Prasad Chaurasiya is a notable flute player from the Banaras Gharana.

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Pandit Jasraj

A classical singer from the Mewati Gharana.

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Famous Tabla Players

Sandeep Das, Gyan Prakash Ghosh, and Sabir Khan.

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Major Musical Instruments of India

Includes Tabla, Sitar, Santoor, and Pakhawaj.

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Ghazal

A genre of music associated with Asgari Bai.

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Mixed Music

A genre that combines various musical styles.

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Folk music

Traditional music that originates from the common people of a region.

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Carnatic Vocal Music

A form of Indian classical music originating from South India.

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Hindustani Vocal music

A form of Indian classical music originating from North India.

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Khayyam

A famous music director awarded the Padma Bhushan in 2011.

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Pandit Arvind Parikh

A famous classical Sitar player and disciple of Ustad Vilayat Khan.

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R. K. Bijapure

A musician known for playing the harmonium.

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Banaras Gharana

A style of Khayal singing founded by Ustad Inayat Khan.

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Lata Mangeshkar

Known as the 'Nightingale of India', awarded Bharat Ratna in 2001.

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Nat

A classical type of Manipuri singing, distinct from North and South Indian music.

Explore top notes

Imperialism Rise in Nationalism • During the French and Industrial Revolution, nationalism continued to inspire nations to increase their political and economic power. • Nationalism became the ideal force in the political, economic, and cultural life in the world, becoming the first universal ideology-organizing all people into a nation state. Nationalism Defined • The strong belief that the interest of a particular nation-state is of primary importance. o Nation-State – a state where the vast majority shares the same culture and is conscious of it. It is an ideal in which cultural boundaries match up with political ones. • As an ideology, it is based on the idea that the individual’s loyalty and devotion to the nation-state surpass other individual/group interests. • Exalting one nation’s belief above all others and placing primary emphasis on promotion of its culture and interests, excluding the interests of others. Changing the World through a Nationalistic Vision • The French Revolution significantly changed the political world and how countries govern. • The Industrial Revolution significantly changed the economic world. • The Age of Imperialism (1870-1914) dramatically changed the political, economic, and social world. What is Imperialism? • Imperialism- The policy of extending the rule of authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies. Power and influence are done through diplomacy or military force. Reasons for Imperialism • There are 5 main motives for empires to seek to expand their rule over other countries or territories: 1. Exploratory • Imperial nations wanted to explore territory unknown to them. • The main purpose for this exploration of new lands was for resource acquisition, medical or scientific research. o Charles Darwin • Other reasons: o Cartography (map making) o Adventure 2. Ethnocentric • Europeans acted on the concept of ethnocentrism o Ethnocentrism- the belief that one race or nation is superior to others. • Ethnocentrism developed out of Charles Darwin’s “survival of the fittest” theory. Philosophers used the theory to explain why there were superior races and inferior races. o This became known as Social Darwinism. • Most imperial nations believed that their cultural values or beliefs were superior to other nations or groups. • Believed imperial conquest would bring successful culture to inferior people. 3. Religious • Imperial expansion promoted a religious movement of people setting out to convert new members of conquered territories. • With the belief that Christianity was superior, missionaries believed it was their duty to spread Christianity to the world. • Christian missionaries established churches, and in doing so, they spread Western culture values as well. • Typically, missionaries spread the imperial nation's language through education and religious interactions. 4. Political • Patriotism and Nationalism helped spur our imperial growth, thus creating competition against other supremacies. • It was a matter of national pride, respect, and security. • Furthermore, European rivalry spurred nations for imperial conquest. Since land equaled power, the more land a country could acquire the more prestige they could wield across the globe. • Empires wanted strategic territory to ensure access for their navies and armies around the world. • The empire believed they must expand, thus they needed to be defended. 5. Economic • With the Industrial Revolution taking place during the same time, governments and private companies contributed to find ways to maximize profits. • Imperialized countries provided European factories and markets with natural resources (old and new) to manufacture products. • Trading posts were strategically placed around imperialized countries to maximize and increase profits. o Such places as the Suez Canal in Egypt which was controlled by the British provided strategic choke hold over many European powers. o Imperial powers competed over the best potential locations for resources, markets, and trade. History of Imperialism • Ancient Imperialism 600 BCE-500 CE o Roman Empire, Ancient China, Greek Empire, Persian Empire, Babylonian Empire. • Middle Age Imperialism (Age of Colonialism-1400-1800s) o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Netherlands (Dutch), Russia. • Age of Imperialism 1870-1914 o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Japan, United States, Ottoman Empire, Russia. • Current Imperialism...? o U.S. Military intervention (i.e. Middle East) o Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine. Imperialism Colonialism • Refers to political or economic control, either legally or illegally. • Refers to where one nation assumes control over the other. • Creating an empire, expanding into neighboring regions and expanding the dominance far outside its borders. • Where a country conquers and rules over other regions for exploiting resources from the conquered country for the conqueror's benefit. • Foreign government controls/governs a territory without significant settlement. • Foreign government controls/governs the territory from within the land being colonized. • Little to no new settlement established on fresh territory. • Movement to settle to fresh territory. Age of Colonialism WHEN? • Started around the late 1400s and ended around the late 1700s/early 1800s. WHY? • Primary Reason: European countries, wished to find a direct trade route to Asia (China & India) and the East Indies. o Quicker and relatively more effective than land routes over Asia. • Secondary Reason: Empire expansion (land power) WHO? • Countries involved: Great Britain, France, Spain, the Dutch & Portugal. • Individuals’ knowns as Mercantilists believed that maintaining imperialized territory and colonizing the region could serve as a source of wealth, while personal motives by rulers, explorers, and missionaries could therefore promote their own agenda. o This agenda being “Glory, God and Gold”. Mercantilism • Mercantilism was a popular and main economic system for many European nations during the 16th to 18th centuries. • The main goal was to increase a nation’s wealth by promoting government rule of a nation’s economy for the purpose of enhancing state power at the expense of rival national power. • It was the economic counterpart of political absolutism. Why did mercantilists want colonies? • Mercantilists believed that a country must have an excess of exports over imports. • By colonizing territory, it provided the nation with indispensable wealth of precious raw materials. • Therefore, the claimed territory served as a market and supplier of raw materials for the mother country. Which, in time, provided an excess of exports for the nation and thus created wealth. o Development of Trading Companies to support this economic system. Hudson Bay Company – (1670). Controlled primarily North America. o Dutch East Indie Trading Company (1682) o East Indian Trading Company (1600) o Royal African Trade Company (1672) WHERE? • European nations begun to colonize the America, India and the East Indies to create a direct trade route. • Great Britain was the leading power in India, Australia and North America, South Africa. • Spain colonized central and South America. • French held Louisiana, coastal land of Africa and French Guinea. • The Dutch built an empire in the East Indies. • The Portuguese was able to take control of present-day Brazil and the southern tip of South America and Japan. Age of Colonialism • As countries started to imperialize these regions, eventually the concept of colonization took hold: • This is what makes the Age of Colonialism extremely different! End of Colonialism • By 1800, colonialism became less popular • Why? o Revolutions (Spain, France & American) o The Napoleonic Wars o Struggle for nationalism and democracy. o Exhausted all money and energy to supervise their colonies. Waiting to wake again • Imperialism would stay quiet for close to 50 years before Great Britain and France’s economies revitalized. • The outbreak of the Industrial Revolution only encouraged and revitalized European nations to begin their conquest for new territory and resources. Age of Imperialism THE SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA 1870-1914 Conditions Prior to Imperialism of Africa  European interest in exploiting Africa was minimal.  Their economic interests & profit in Africa primarily came through coastal trade that took place during the 1500-1700s.  The slave trade became the main source of European profit.  Furthermore, disease, political instability, lack of transportation and unpredictable climate all discouraged Europeans from seeking territory. Slave Trade & the Trans-Atlantic Slave Voyages  Forced labor was not uncommon during the 13-17th Centuries. Africans and Europeans had been trading goods and people across the Mediteranea for centuries.  This all changed from 1526 to 1867, as a new system of slavery was introduced that became highly “commercialized, racialized and inherited”  By 1690, the America and West Indies saw approximately 30,000 African people shipped from Africa. A century later, that number grew to 85,000 people per year.  By 1867, approximately 12.5 million people (about twice the population of Arizona) left Africa in a slave ship. What Changed? 1. End of the Slave Trade- Left a need for trade between Europe and Africa. 2. Innovation in technology- The steam engine and iron hulled boats allowed Europe 3. Discovery of new raw materials- Explorers located vast raw materials and resources and this only spurred imperialism with Europe in the wake of the Industrial Revolution. 4. Politics- Unification of Germany and Italy left little room to expand in Europe. Germany and Italy both needed raw materials to “catch up” with Britain and France so they looked to Africa. The Scramble for Africa  The scramble started in 1870.  Although some coastal land had previously been acquired before 1870, the need for territory quickly accelerated as European countries looked t get deeper into Africa.  Within 20 years, nearly all continents were placed under imperialistic rule. Who was Involved?  Great Britain  France  Germany  Italy  Portugal  Belgium  Spain (kind) Violent Affairs  Violence broke out multiple times when European nations looked to claim the same territory.  Germ Chancellor. Otto van Bismarck. Attempted to avert the possibility of violence against the European powers.  In 1884, Bismarck organized a conference in Berlin for the European nations. The Berlin Conference (1884-85)  The conference looked to set ground rules for future annexation of African territory by European Nations.  Annexation is the forcible acquisition and assertion of legal title over one state’s territory by another state, usually following military occupation of the territory.  From a distant perspective, it looked like it would reduce tensions among European nations and avert war.  At the heart of the meeting, these European countries negotiated their claims to African territory, made it official and then mapped their regions.  Furthermore, the leaders agreed to allow free trade among imperialized territory and some homework for negotiating future European claims in Africa was established. Further Path  After the conference, european powers continued to expand their claims in Africa so that by 1900. 90% of the African territory had been claimed. A Turn towards Colonization?  Upon the imperialization of African territory, European nations and little interest in African land unless it produced economic wealth.  Therefore, European governments put little effort and expertise into these imperialized regions.  In most cases, this emat a form of indirect rule. Thus, governing the natin without sufficient settlement and government from within the mother country. Some Exceptions  There were some exemptions through in Africa as colonization was a necessary for some regions i n Africa.  Some regions where diamonds and gold were present. Government looked to protectorate the regions and establish rule and settlement in the regions.  Protectorates: A state controlled and protected by another state for defense against aggression and other law violations. Would  Some examples include South Africa, Botswana, Zimbabwe and Congo. Conclusion  Although it may appear that the Berlin Conference averted war amid the African Scramble, imperialism eventually brought the world into worldwide conflict.  With the continued desire to create an empire by European nations. World War 1 would break out which can be linked to this quest at imperialism.
Updated 490d ago
note Note
Imperialism Rise in Nationalism • During the French and Industrial Revolution, nationalism continued to inspire nations to increase their political and economic power. • Nationalism became the ideal force in the political, economic, and cultural life in the world, becoming the first universal ideology-organizing all people into a nation state. Nationalism Defined • The strong belief that the interest of a particular nation-state is of primary importance. o Nation-State – a state where the vast majority shares the same culture and is conscious of it. It is an ideal in which cultural boundaries match up with political ones. • As an ideology, it is based on the idea that the individual’s loyalty and devotion to the nation-state surpass other individual/group interests. • Exalting one nation’s belief above all others and placing primary emphasis on promotion of its culture and interests, excluding the interests of others. Changing the World through a Nationalistic Vision • The French Revolution significantly changed the political world and how countries govern. • The Industrial Revolution significantly changed the economic world. • The Age of Imperialism (1870-1914) dramatically changed the political, economic, and social world. What is Imperialism? • Imperialism- The policy of extending the rule of authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies. Power and influence are done through diplomacy or military force. Reasons for Imperialism • There are 5 main motives for empires to seek to expand their rule over other countries or territories: 1. Exploratory • Imperial nations wanted to explore territory unknown to them. • The main purpose for this exploration of new lands was for resource acquisition, medical or scientific research. o Charles Darwin • Other reasons: o Cartography (map making) o Adventure 2. Ethnocentric • Europeans acted on the concept of ethnocentrism o Ethnocentrism- the belief that one race or nation is superior to others. • Ethnocentrism developed out of Charles Darwin’s “survival of the fittest” theory. Philosophers used the theory to explain why there were superior races and inferior races. o This became known as Social Darwinism. • Most imperial nations believed that their cultural values or beliefs were superior to other nations or groups. • Believed imperial conquest would bring successful culture to inferior people. 3. Religious • Imperial expansion promoted a religious movement of people setting out to convert new members of conquered territories. • With the belief that Christianity was superior, missionaries believed it was their duty to spread Christianity to the world. • Christian missionaries established churches, and in doing so, they spread Western culture values as well. • Typically, missionaries spread the imperial nation's language through education and religious interactions. 4. Political • Patriotism and Nationalism helped spur our imperial growth, thus creating competition against other supremacies. • It was a matter of national pride, respect, and security. • Furthermore, European rivalry spurred nations for imperial conquest. Since land equaled power, the more land a country could acquire the more prestige they could wield across the globe. • Empires wanted strategic territory to ensure access for their navies and armies around the world. • The empire believed they must expand, thus they needed to be defended. 5. Economic • With the Industrial Revolution taking place during the same time, governments and private companies contributed to find ways to maximize profits. • Imperialized countries provided European factories and markets with natural resources (old and new) to manufacture products. • Trading posts were strategically placed around imperialized countries to maximize and increase profits. o Such places as the Suez Canal in Egypt which was controlled by the British provided strategic choke hold over many European powers. o Imperial powers competed over the best potential locations for resources, markets, and trade. History of Imperialism • Ancient Imperialism 600 BCE-500 CE o Roman Empire, Ancient China, Greek Empire, Persian Empire, Babylonian Empire. • Middle Age Imperialism (Age of Colonialism-1400-1800s) o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Netherlands (Dutch), Russia. • Age of Imperialism 1870-1914 o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Japan, United States, Ottoman Empire, Russia. • Current Imperialism...? o U.S. Military intervention (i.e. Middle East) o Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine. Imperialism Colonialism • Refers to political or economic control, either legally or illegally. • Refers to where one nation assumes control over the other. • Creating an empire, expanding into neighboring regions and expanding the dominance far outside its borders. • Where a country conquers and rules over other regions for exploiting resources from the conquered country for the conqueror's benefit. • Foreign government controls/governs a territory without significant settlement. • Foreign government controls/governs the territory from within the land being colonized. • Little to no new settlement established on fresh territory. • Movement to settle to fresh territory. Age of Colonialism WHEN? • Started around the late 1400s and ended around the late 1700s/early 1800s. WHY? • Primary Reason: European countries, wished to find a direct trade route to Asia (China & India) and the East Indies. o Quicker and relatively more effective than land routes over Asia. • Secondary Reason: Empire expansion (land power) WHO? • Countries involved: Great Britain, France, Spain, the Dutch & Portugal. • Individuals’ knowns as Mercantilists believed that maintaining imperialized territory and colonizing the region could serve as a source of wealth, while personal motives by rulers, explorers, and missionaries could therefore promote their own agenda. o This agenda being “Glory, God and Gold”. Mercantilism • Mercantilism was a popular and main economic system for many European nations during the 16th to 18th centuries. • The main goal was to increase a nation’s wealth by promoting government rule of a nation’s economy for the purpose of enhancing state power at the expense of rival national power. • It was the economic counterpart of political absolutism. Why did mercantilists want colonies? • Mercantilists believed that a country must have an excess of exports over imports. • By colonizing territory, it provided the nation with indispensable wealth of precious raw materials. • Therefore, the claimed territory served as a market and supplier of raw materials for the mother country. Which, in time, provided an excess of exports for the nation and thus created wealth. o Development of Trading Companies to support this economic system. Hudson Bay Company – (1670). Controlled primarily North America. o Dutch East Indie Trading Company (1682) o East Indian Trading Company (1600) o Royal African Trade Company (1672) WHERE? • European nations begun to colonize the America, India and the East Indies to create a direct trade route. • Great Britain was the leading power in India, Australia and North America, South Africa. • Spain colonized central and South America. • French held Louisiana, coastal land of Africa and French Guinea. • The Dutch built an empire in the East Indies. • The Portuguese was able to take control of present-day Brazil and the southern tip of South America and Japan. Age of Colonialism • As countries started to imperialize these regions, eventually the concept of colonization took hold: • This is what makes the Age of Colonialism extremely different! End of Colonialism • By 1800, colonialism became less popular • Why? o Revolutions (Spain, France & American) o The Napoleonic Wars o Struggle for nationalism and democracy. o Exhausted all money and energy to supervise their colonies. Waiting to wake again • Imperialism would stay quiet for close to 50 years before Great Britain and France’s economies revitalized. • The outbreak of the Industrial Revolution only encouraged and revitalized European nations to begin their conquest for new territory and resources. Age of Imperialism THE SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA 1870-1914 Conditions Prior to Imperialism of Africa  European interest in exploiting Africa was minimal.  Their economic interests & profit in Africa primarily came through coastal trade that took place during the 1500-1700s.  The slave trade became the main source of European profit.  Furthermore, disease, political instability, lack of transportation and unpredictable climate all discouraged Europeans from seeking territory. Slave Trade & the Trans-Atlantic Slave Voyages  Forced labor was not uncommon during the 13-17th Centuries. Africans and Europeans had been trading goods and people across the Mediteranea for centuries.  This all changed from 1526 to 1867, as a new system of slavery was introduced that became highly “commercialized, racialized and inherited”  By 1690, the America and West Indies saw approximately 30,000 African people shipped from Africa. A century later, that number grew to 85,000 people per year.  By 1867, approximately 12.5 million people (about twice the population of Arizona) left Africa in a slave ship. What Changed? 1. End of the Slave Trade- Left a need for trade between Europe and Africa. 2. Innovation in technology- The steam engine and iron hulled boats allowed Europe 3. Discovery of new raw materials- Explorers located vast raw materials and resources and this only spurred imperialism with Europe in the wake of the Industrial Revolution. 4. Politics- Unification of Germany and Italy left little room to expand in Europe. Germany and Italy both needed raw materials to “catch up” with Britain and France so they looked to Africa. The Scramble for Africa  The scramble started in 1870.  Although some coastal land had previously been acquired before 1870, the need for territory quickly accelerated as European countries looked t get deeper into Africa.  Within 20 years, nearly all continents were placed under imperialistic rule. Who was Involved?  Great Britain  France  Germany  Italy  Portugal  Belgium  Spain (kind) Violent Affairs  Violence broke out multiple times when European nations looked to claim the same territory.  Germ Chancellor. Otto van Bismarck. Attempted to avert the possibility of violence against the European powers.  In 1884, Bismarck organized a conference in Berlin for the European nations. The Berlin Conference (1884-85)  The conference looked to set ground rules for future annexation of African territory by European Nations.  Annexation is the forcible acquisition and assertion of legal title over one state’s territory by another state, usually following military occupation of the territory.  From a distant perspective, it looked like it would reduce tensions among European nations and avert war.  At the heart of the meeting, these European countries negotiated their claims to African territory, made it official and then mapped their regions.  Furthermore, the leaders agreed to allow free trade among imperialized territory and some homework for negotiating future European claims in Africa was established. Further Path  After the conference, european powers continued to expand their claims in Africa so that by 1900. 90% of the African territory had been claimed. A Turn towards Colonization?  Upon the imperialization of African territory, European nations and little interest in African land unless it produced economic wealth.  Therefore, European governments put little effort and expertise into these imperialized regions.  In most cases, this emat a form of indirect rule. Thus, governing the natin without sufficient settlement and government from within the mother country. Some Exceptions  There were some exemptions through in Africa as colonization was a necessary for some regions i n Africa.  Some regions where diamonds and gold were present. Government looked to protectorate the regions and establish rule and settlement in the regions.  Protectorates: A state controlled and protected by another state for defense against aggression and other law violations. Would  Some examples include South Africa, Botswana, Zimbabwe and Congo. Conclusion  Although it may appear that the Berlin Conference averted war amid the African Scramble, imperialism eventually brought the world into worldwide conflict.  With the continued desire to create an empire by European nations. World War 1 would break out which can be linked to this quest at imperialism.
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