AP Psych Unit 5 - Vocb Quiz #1

Health Psychology

a subfield of psychology that provides psychology’s contribution to behavioral medicine

Stress

is the process of appraising and responding to a threatening or challenging event

Hypertension

high blood pressure

Immune suppression

reduction of the activation or efficacy of the immune system

Stressors

something that causes strain or tension

Eustress (motivating)

“good” stress, situations that are challenging but manageable and can lead to growth

Distress (debilitating)

“bad” stress, situations that are difficult and have a negative impact

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs)

negative experiences that affect a child’s brain and health as they grow into adults

General adaptation syndrome (GAS)

3 phase model of stress

Alarm reaction phase

Phase 1. your sympathetic nervous system is suddenly activated. Your heart rate zooms. Blood is diverted to your skeletal muscles. You feel the faintness of shock. With your resources mobilized, you are now ready to fight back

Resistance phase

Phase 2. your temperature, blood pressure, and respiration remain high. Your adrenal glands pump hormones into your bloodstream. You are fully engaged, summoning all your resources to meet the challenge. As time passes, with no relief from stress, your body’s reserves begin to dwindle.

Flight-fight-freeze response

your body's automatic reaction to perceived danger, triggering physiological changes to prepare you for either confronting the threat (fight), escaping it (flight), or becoming immobile (freeze)

Exhaustion phase

you become more vulnerable to illness or even, in extreme cases, collapse and death. Usually there are “warning signs”…heart-attacks, clogged arteries, excessive colds/flu, frequent headaches, etc.

Tend-and-befriend theory

women like providing or gaining support from others

Problem-focused coping

deal with the problem directly. Used when a person feels as if they have control over the situation

Emotion-focused coping

Relieve stress by finding comfort. Used when people feel a ack of control

Positive psychology

the scientific study of human flourishing, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities thrive

Well-being

the state of being comfortable, healthy, or happy.

Resilience

The capacity to recover from stressful or traumatic experiences and maintain a positive functioning level.

Postitive Emotions

can boost resilience by helping people cope with stress and maintain a positive outlook. (happiness and optimism and hope)

Gratitude

a feeling of thankfulness and appreciation for the good things in one's life

Positive subject experiences

the study of contentment and satisfaction with the past, flow and happiness in the present, and having hope or optimism for the future

Subjective well-being

is your perception of being happy or satisfied with life. Happiness is relative to our own experiences and to others’ success.

Signature strengths

character strengths that are most essential to an individual's identity and are often expressed naturally and easily

Virtues

classification of character strengths has been developed around 6 categories of virtues: wisdom, courage, humanity, justice, temperance, and transcendence. 

Postive objective experiences

external, meausrable facotrs that contribute to happiness and well-being

Happiness

positive feelings like joy and contentment, often associated with positive experiences and a sense of well-being and life satisfaction

Subjective well-being

is your perception of being happy or satisfied with life. Happiness is relative to our own experiences and to others’ success.

Categories of virtues

wisdom, courage, humanity, justice, temperance, transcedence

Posttraumatic growth

the positive transformation that can happen following a challenging life circumstance, like a trauma, leading to a deeper appreciation for life, stronger relationships, increased personal strength, and a new perspective on life's meaning

dysfunction

interfering with normal day-to-day functioning

distress

behavior causes significant psychological, emotional, physical, or social harm 

Deviation from the social norm

 behavior is abnormal

cultural/societal norms

the shared expectations and rules that guide behavior within a specific culture or society, influencing beliefs, values, and actions

stigma

negative views that come from popular cultural views of mental illness, and not from the DSM

racism

a form of prejudice that generally includes negative emotional reactions to members of a group, acceptance of negative stereotypes, and racial discrimination against individuals

sexism

prejudice or discrimination based on a person's sex or gender, often leading to unequal treatment and opportunities, and rooted in societal norms and beliefs about gender roles

ageism

prejudice and discrimination against individuals based on their age, especially against older adults, stemming from negative stereotypes and attitudes

discrimination

treating individuals or groups unfairly based on characteristics like race, gender, age, or other identity markers, often as a behavioral manifestation of prejudice or bias

diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM)

describes 400 disorders, indicates how prevalent they are, the criteria, and how to treat (US)

International classification of mental disorders (IDC)

used to classify mental health disorders globally

Eclectic approach

uses various forms of healing techniques depending on the client’s unique problems.

Behavioral perspective

focuses on observable behaviors and their relationship to environmental stimuli, suggesting that all behaviors are learned through interactions with the environment, primarily through conditioning

Maladaptive learned associations

• distorted thought patterns that lead individuals to perceive situations as more threatening than they actually are, often causing excessive worry and anxiety.

• a person develops anxiety responses through classical conditioning or observational learning, essentially linking a previously neutral stimulus with a negative experience, leading to a conditioned fear or anxiety response in the presence of that stimulus

Psychodynamic perspective

a theoretical approach in psychology that emphasizes the role of unconscious mental processes, early childhood experiences, and interpersonal relationships in shaping human behavior and personality

humanistic perspective

emphasizes a holistic, positive view of human nature, focusing on individual potential, free will, and self-actualization

cognitive perspective

focuses on understanding the internal mental processes—like thinking, memory, and perception—that influence behavior and understanding how individuals acquire, process, and use information

evolutionary perspective

explores how natural selection and evolutionary principles explain the development of human behaviors, thoughts, and emotions by focusing on psychological adaptations that promote survival and reproduction

sociocultural perspective

examines how social and cultural factors shape human behavior, thinking, and development, emphasizing the influence of social interactions and cultural norms

biological perspective

personality is influenced by biological factors such as genetics and biochemistry and that certain personality traits are influenced by these factors

biopsychosocial perspective

a holistic approach to understanding human health and behavior, emphasizing the interaction between biological, psychological, and social factors

diathesis-stress model

the development of psychological disorders is influenced by both a genetic predisposition (diathesis) and environmental stressors

neurodevelopmental disorders

Group of disorders that involve distortions in the development of basic psychological functions that are involved in social skills, language, perception or motor behavior

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

developmental disability involving short attention span, distractibility, and extreme difficulty in remaining inactive for any period

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

typically show an unusual pattern of social and cognitive development beginning in childhood, with marked difficulties is social interaction and communication

Schizophrenic spectrum disorders

a chronic mental disorder characterized by significant disruptions in thought processes, perceptions, emotions, and behaviors

delusions

distorted, false beliefs

hallucinations

Perception without the corresponding sensation. (false perceptions)

disorganized thinking

fragmented, bizarre thinking with distorted, false beliefs, called delusions

disorganized speech

Word salad – disordered thoughts lead often to jumbled words that seem to make no sense to the listener.

disorganized motor behavior

patients with schizophrenia often have motor behaviors that are inappropriate – the individual make perform senseless, compulsive acts like continually rubbing an arm or rocking in a chair.

negative symptoms

behavioral deficits or the loss or decrease of normal functions (missing/subtracting of normal functions)

positive symptoms

istortion or excess of normal functions and tend to be most frequent in the first stages or early episodes of schizophrenia (adding to normal functions)

delusions

distorted, false beliefs (positve)

delusions of persecution

a persistent, false belief that one is being harmed, harassed, or targeted by others, despite a lack of evidence to support this belief

delusions of grandeur

a type of delusion characterized by an unrealistic and unfounded belief in one's own greatness, importance, or special abilities

hallucinations

Perception without the corresponding sensation. (false perceptions) (often auditory)

word salad

stringing together words in nonsensical ways

catatonia

disordered movement, may be experienced as excitement (a positive symptom manifestation) or stupor (a negative symptom manifestation)

flat affect

• avoiding eye contact, expressionless face,

• apathy and non-interest, monotone voice

catatonic stupor

a state of reduced awareness and responsiveness where an individual requires significant and repeated stimuli, such as vigorous shaking or pain, to be aroused, but can be aroused briefly before lapsing back into unresponsiveness

dopamine hypothesis

theory in psychology that proposes that an imbalance in the neurotransmitter dopamine contributes to the development and symptoms of schizophrenia

depresive disorders

persistent sadness, loss of interest or pleasure in activities, and other symptoms that significantly impact daily functioning, mood, and overall quality of life

major depressive disorder

a common and serious mental health condition characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and a loss of interest or pleasure in activities

persistent depressive disorder

Although less disabling, dysthymic disorder is marked by chronic low energy and poor self-esteem

bipolar disorders

alteration between depression and mania signals

Cycling

rapid mood shifts or recurring patterns of behavior

Mania

a state of abnormally elevated mood, energy, and activity that lasts for at least one week

Depression

very “down,” sad, indifferent, or hopeless periods

Bipolar I disorder

experience manic episodes and usually major depressive episodes

Bipolar II disorder

experience mania to a lesser degree (called hypomania)

Anxiety disorders

Worry, fear, apprehension, intrusive thoughts, physical symptoms and feelings of tension