DMI 108 Upper Extremity

how many phalanges are there?

five

which digit is the first phalange?

thumb

how many metacarpals are there?

five

how many carpals are there?

eight

what is type of joint are the interphalangeal (IP) joints?

hinge or ginglymus, provides flexion and extension

what type of joint are the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints?

ellipsoidal/condyloid joint: flexion, extension, adduction, abduction movements

what type of joint is the first carpometacarpal (CMC) joint?

saddle/sellar joint: all types of movement

what type of joints are the second to fifth CMC joints?

plane/gliding joints

what are the intercarpal joints?

plane, gliding

what type of joint is the wrist joint? (radiocarpal)

ellipsoidal, condyloid

what type of joint is the proximal radioulnar joint?

pivot, trochoidal

what type of joint is the elbow joint?

ginglymus, hinge, also classified as synovial and is diarthrodial

identify A

first carpometacarpal

B?

first metacarpal

C?

first metacarpophalangeal joint

D?

proximal phalanx of the first digit

E?

interphalangeal joint of the first digit

F?

distal phalanx of the first digit

G?

second metacarpophalangeal joint

H?

proximal phalanx of the second digit

I?

proximal interphalangeal joint of the second digit

J?

middle phalanx of second digit

K?

distal interphalangeal joint of second digit

L?

distal phalanx of second digit

M?

middle phalanx of the fourth digit

N?

distal interphalangeal joint of fifth digit

O?

proximal phalanx of third digit

P?

fifth metacarpophalangeal joint

Q?

fourth metacarpal

R?

fifth carpometacarpal joint

what are the carpals of the distal row

trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate

what are the carpals of the proximal row?

scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform

radial deviation

deviated towards radius

ulnar deviation

deviated toward ulnar, for scaphoid view

What is A?

olecranon process

what is B?

trochlear notch

what is C?

coronoid process

what is D?

radial notch

what is the purple pointing to?

outer ridges of capitulum and trochlea

what is the blue pointing to?

trochlear notch of ulna

what is the pink pointing to?

trochlear sulcus

what are the carpal bones?

scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate

what is DIP?

distal interphalangeal joint

what is PIP?

proximal interphalangeal joint

what is MCP?

metacarpophalangeal joint

what is CMC?

carpometacarpal

what is IP?

interphalangeal joint

what is A

scaphoid

what is B

lunate

what is C

triquetrom

what is D

pisiform

what is E

trapezium

what is F

trapezoid

what is G

capitate

what is H

hamate

bone metasases

transfer of disease or cancerous lesions from one organ or part that may not be directly connected

bursitis

inflammation of the bursae or fluid-filled sacs that enclose the joints, usually involves formation of calcification in associated tendons

carpal tunnel syndrome

common painful disorder if the wrist and hand resulting from compression of the median nerve as it passes through the center of the wrist, most commonly found in middle aged women

fracture

a break in the structure of bone caused by a force

how many types of fractures are there?

5 we have to know

barton fracture

fracture and dislocation of the posterior lip of the distal radius

bennett fracture

fracture of the base of the first metacarpal bone

boxer fracture

transverse fracture that extends through the metacarpal neck most commonly in the fifth metcarpal

colles fracture

transverse fracture of the distal radius where distal fragment is displaced posteriorly, most commonly also seen with an ulnar styloid fracture

smith fracture

reverse of colles fracture, transverse fracture of distal radius with distal fragment displaced anteriorly

joint effusion

accumulated fluid in the joint cavity, sign of underlying condition

osteoarthritis

aka degenerative joint disease (DJD), non inflammatory joint disease characterized by gradual deterioration of the articular cartilage with hypertrophic bone formation

osteomyelitis

local or generalized infection of bone or bone marrow that may be caused by bacteria introduced by trauma or surgery

osteopetrosis

hereditary disease marked by abnormally dense bone

osteoporosis

reduction in the quantity of bone or atrophy of skeletal tissue

paget disease

a common chronic skeletal disease, characterized by bone destruction followed by a reparative process of overproduction of dense yet soft bones that tend to fracture easily

rheumatoid arthritis

chronic systemic disease with inflammatory changes throughout the connective tissues

scapholunate ligament injuries

involve the ligament that connects the scaphoid to the lunate bone

skier’a thumb

sprain or tear of the ulnar collateral ligament of the thumb near the MCP joint of the hyperextended thumb

tumors

neoplasms, bone neoplasia; most often benign sometimes cancerous

multiple myeloma

malignant, most common primary cancerous bone tumor, usually fatal within a few years

osteogenic sarcoma

malignant, second most common primary cancerous bone tumor, may develop in older persons with paget disease

ewing sarcoma

common primary malignant bone tumor in children and young adults that arises from bone marrow

chondrosarcoma

slow growing malignant tumor of the cartilage, radiographic appearance is similar to other malignant tumors but desne calcifications are often seen within the cartilaginous mass

endochondroma

slow growing benign cartilaginous tumor most often found in small bones of the hands and feet of adolescent and young adults, usually well defined radiolucent appearing tumors with a thin cortex often lead to pathologic fracture with only minimal trauma

osteochondroma

aka exostosis, most common type of benign bone tumor, arise from the outer cortex with the tumor growing parallel to the bone, pointing away from the adjacent joint, most common at the knee

what is A?

radial fossa

what is B?

coronoid fossa