Week 6: Cell Culture and Cell Growth
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Last updated 4:09 PM on 4/9/25
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72 Terms
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Cell Division
The process by which a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells.
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Bacterial Cell Division
Involves DNA replication, cell elongation, cross wall formation, and separation into daughter cells.
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Yeast Cell Division
Involves budding, nuclear division, and formation of a new yeast cell from a parent cell.
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Mold Cell Division
Involves conidiophores, hyphae, and formation of conidia for reproduction.
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Plant Cell Division
Involves interphase, preprophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cell plate formation.
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Animal Cell Division
Involves prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis.
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Mitotic Differences in Eukaryotic Organisms
Differences in centrosomes, nuclear envelope, cytokinesis, cell shape, mitosis duration, checkpoints, and regulation.
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Cell Culture
The process of growing cells under controlled conditions outside their natural environment.
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Suspension Cultures
Cells grow freely in the culture medium without requiring attachment.
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Adherent Cultures
Cells require attachment to a surface to grow and proliferate.
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Cell Passaging
The process of transferring cells to fresh growth medium to maintain healthy populations.
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Cell Culture Media
Nutrient-rich gel or solution used to support cell growth, survival, and proliferation.
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Solid Medium
Contains gelling agents like agar for colony formation or adherent cells.
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Liquid Medium
Supports suspension cultures like bacteria, yeast, and some mammalian cells.
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Undefined Medium
Contains complex ingredients like yeast extract or serum, making composition variable.
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Defined Medium
A culture medium with an exact, known composition, used for controlled experiments and GMP applications.
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Specialized Medium
Contains specific constituents for cell differentiation or produced under strict quality control.
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Cell Culture Contaminants
Unwanted agents that compromise cell or microbial cultures.
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Biological Contaminants
Bacteria, fungi, mycoplasma, viruses, or mixed cell lines.
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Chemical Contaminants
Endotoxins, heavy metals, or other harmful chemicals.
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Physical Contaminants
Dust, fibers, glass shards, or metal particles.
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Antibiotics
Used to prevent microbial contamination and maintain plasmid-bearing cultures.
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Aseptic Techniques
Procedures designed to maintain sterility and prevent contamination during culture work.
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Microbial Cell Culture
Growing bacteria, yeast, or fungi in a controlled environment using nutrient-rich media.
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Streak Plate Method
Used to isolate individual colonies of a microorganism from a culture.
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Spread Plate Method
Used to distribute microorganisms evenly across an agar plate for quantification.
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Bacterial Cells for Industrial Biotechnology
Examples include Escherichia coli for recombinant proteins and biofuels.
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Fungal Cells for Industrial Biotechnology
Examples include Saccharomyces cerevisiae for ethanol and recombinant proteins.
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Plant Suspension Culture
Growth of free-floating plant cells in a liquid nutrient medium.
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Plant Cells for Industrial Biotechnology
Examples include Taxus chinensis for paclitaxel production.
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Animal Cell Culture
Growth of mammalian cells under controlled conditions for research and therapy.
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Animal Cells for Industrial Biotechnology
Examples include CHO cells for monoclonal antibodies.
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Cell Preservation
Methods to maintain cell viability and consistency for industrial bioprocesses.
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Cell Growth
Increase in cell population number through cell division.
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Factors Affecting Cell Growth
Temperature, pH, osmolarity, and oxygen levels.
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Effect of Temperature on Cell Growth
Influences enzyme activity, metabolism, and biomolecule stability.
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Effects of pH
Influences protein structure, enzyme activity, DNA/RNA integrity, and membrane stability.
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Effects of Osmolarity
Influences cell shape, volume, and physiological processes.
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Effects of Oxygen
Varies by cell type, crucial for optimizing growth conditions
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Oxygen Toxicity
Results from reactive oxygen species like superoxide and hydrogen peroxide.
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Batch Growth
Cell culture in a closed system with no additional nutrients added during the process.
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Growth Rate
Absolute increase in biomass or cell number over time.
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Specific Growth Rate
Rate of biomass increase per unit of biomass concentration.
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Continuous Exponential Growth
Assumes cell division and biomass accumulation occur continuously.
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Discrete Exponential Growth
Models cell division at specific intervals, not continuously.
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Monod Model
Describes microbial growth kinetics in relation to substrate concentration.
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Ks Values
Half-saturation constant for various organisms and substrates.
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Multi-Substrate Monod Kinetics
Describes growth when multiple substrates are present.
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Alternative Models for Complex Systems
Includes Contois, Cybernetic, Pitt's Equation, and Andrews models.
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Zero-Growth Bioprocesses
Systems where cell populations are maintained without net biomass increase.
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Yield
Efficiency of converting substrates into biomass or desired products.
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Biomass Yield
Grams of biomass produced per gram of substrate consumed.
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Product Yield
Grams of product formed per gram of substrate consumed.
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Inoculum
Population of cells introduced into a culture medium to initiate growth or fermentation.
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Monitoring Cell Growth
Essential for biological, medical, and industrial applications.
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Direct Methods for Monitoring Cell Growth
Includes hemocytometer, automated cell counters, plate counting, and flow cytometry.
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Indirect Methods for Monitoring Cell Growth
Includes spectrophotometry, metabolic activity, and dry weight.
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Microscope Counting
Manual cell counting using a hemocytometer.
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Plate Counting
Estimating viable bacteria or fungi by counting colonies on agar plates.
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UV-Vis Spectrometry
Estimating cell density by measuring optical density at specific wavelengths.
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Cell Immobilization
Trapping or attaching cells to a solid support or within a matrix.
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Types of Cell Immobilization
Adsorption, ionic binding, covalent binding, cross-linking, and encapsulation.
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Advantages of Cell Immobilization
Process simplification, reusability, protection, and continuous processing.
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Disadvantages of Cell Immobilization
Mass transfer limitations, activity loss, cost, and stability issues
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Ludeking-Piret Equation
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Obligate Aerobes
Require oxygen for survival
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Obligate Anaerobes
Cannot survive in the presence of oxygen
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Facultative Anaerobes
Can grow with or without oxygen but prefer oxygenated environments
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Microaerophiles
Require oxygen but at lower concentrations than atmospheric levels
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Aerotolerant Anaerobes
Do not use oxygen but can tolerate its presence
Note 
Flashcards (42)