Chaoter 19 - Cardio Pt 1

2 major divisions of the cardi9ovascular system

• pulmonary

• systemic

Area of the thoracic cavity that the heart is located in

Mediastinum

Botton of the heart

Apex

Pericardium is a ____ ____ membranous sac

double walled

Outer/inner layer of pericardium

• outer: parietal pericardium

• inner: visceral pericardium

Pericardial cavity (2 layers)

• outer fibrous layer

• inner serous layer

Visceral pericardium also known as ______ of heart wall

epicardium

______ _____ space between parietal & visceral pericardial cavity

Pericardial cavity

2 pericardium problems (explain)

• pericarditis: inflammation of pericardium

• cardiac temponade: abn accumulation of fluid in pericardial cavity

Cardiac tamponade (pericardial filling) impacts the ____ _____ the most. (Why?)

Right ventricle; due to gravity

3 layers of the heart wall (superficial to deep)

• Epicardium

• Myocardium

• Endocardium

What is the thickest layer of the heart wall

Myocardium

Exterior features of heart

Auricles

Define sulci

Grooves on the outside of the heart

2 types of septums inside heart

• interatrial septum

• interventricular septum

Internal ridges in atrias and ventricles

• atria: trabeculae carnae

• ventricle: pectinate muscles

Purpose of teh chordae tendineae

keep AV valves closed

Muscles inside ventricles

papillary muscles

Purpose of heart valves

Ensure one-way blood flow

Right and Left AV valves

Tricuspid; mitral/bicuspid

2 semilunar valves

pulmonary; aortic

Heart is ___% of body weight, but uses __% of circulating blood

0.5; 5

Where do the coronary artieries stem from

Aorta

Body recieves blood when the ventricles _____; heart receives blood when the ventricles _____

contract; relax

What is the largest coronary artery

Left coronary artery

Define venous drainage

route by which blood leaves an organ

4 main vains stemming from cardiac muscle

• great cardiac vein

• middle cardiac vein

• left marginal vein

• coronary sinus

2 main reasons for myocardial infarction

Fat deposits or blood clot

Lack of O2 in heart muscle

ischemi

Body defense system to provide alt route in the case of blood clot

Anastomoses

Define angina pectoris

Heart pain due to temporary and reversible myocardial ischemia

What is the root cause of angina pectoris

anaerobic fermentation and lactic acid production

3 corrections of coronary atherosclerosis

• bypass surgery

• ballon angioplasty

• laser angioplasty

Main feature of cardiac muscle cells

Intercalated discs

3 functions of intercalated discs

• interdigitating folds (increase surface area)

• mechanical junction

• electrical junctions

Featues that allow cardiac muscle to prevent fatigue

• rich in myoglobin and glycogen

• large mitochondria

• fatigue resistant

What is the resting cardiomyocyte potential

-90mV

Order of the cardiac conduction system

SA node → AV node → AV bundle → purkinje fibers

Sinus rhythm vs nodal rhythm

Normal rhythm set by SA node vs set by AV node

Define ectopic foci:

region other than SA node sets rhythm