AP World History Study Guide Flashcards

Flashcards based on AP World History Study Guide Unit 1-9

What dynasty in China enjoyed great wealth, political stability, and artistic and intellectual innovations from 960-1279?

Song Dynasty

What was the efficient waterway transportation system in China that enabled it to become the most populous trading area?

The Grand Canal

What system did China use to gain income in which other states had to pay money or provide goods to honor the Chinese emperor?

Tributes

What three forms of Buddhism shaped Asia?

Theravada Buddhism, Mahayana Buddhism, and Tibetan Buddhism

What syncretic system combined rational thought with the abstract ideas of Daoism and Buddhism?

Neo-Confucianism

What was the role of the Shogun in Japan?

Military ruler

What country had a tributary relationship with China and centralized its government in the style of the Chinese?

Korea

What country had women who enjoyed greater independence in their married lives and villages that operated independently of a national government?

Vietnam

What Muslim writer's works described her journey toward mystical illumination?

'A’ishah al-Ba’uniyyah

What did the Umayyad rulers in Córdoba create, allowing Muslims, Christians, and Jews to coexist peacefully?

A climate of toleration

What dynasty reigned over southern India for more than 400 years (850—1267)?

Chola Dynasty

What brought Islam into India, reigning for 300 years, from the l3th through the l6th centuries?

The Delhi Sultanate

What is the strongest historical continuity in India?

India’s caste system

What movement concentrated on developing a strong attachment to a particular deity?

The Bhakti Movement

What was the Hindu kingdom based on Sumatra that built up its navy and prospered by charging fees for ships that traveled between India and China?

The Srivijaya Empire

What was the Buddhist kingdom based on Java that had 98 tributaries at its height and held onto its power by controlling sea routes?

The Majapahit Kingdom

What was the first large-scale civilization in North America, starting in Mississippi River Valley?

The Mississippian Culture

What was the main source of Mayan government?

The city-state, each ruled by a king

What was the Aztec government?

A theocracy, in which religious leaders had the power

What does the name Inca mean?

“People of the sun”

What system, instead of a tributary system, were the Incas subject to?

Mit’a system, mandatory public service

What was Sub-Saharan Africa's development heavily formed by?

The migrations of Bantu-speaking people outward from west-central Africa

What did Zimbabwe build its prosperity on?

A mixture of agriculture, grazing, trade, and gold.

What was the most powerful of the new trading societies that arose in place of the weakened Ghanaian state?

Mali

What were the conduits of history for a community in Sub-Saharan Africa?

Griots, or storytellers

What system provided some security for peasants, equipment for warriors, and land to those who worked for a lord?

Feudalism

What provided economic self-sufficiency and defense during feudal times?

The manorial system

What was a body that advised the king which included representatives from each of the three legal classes, or estates, in France?

The Estates-General

What was the split of the Christian Church in 1054 called?

The Great Schism: Roman Catholics and Eastern Orthodox.

What was the series of European military campaigns in the Middle East (1095 - l200s) called?

The Crusades

Who was the middle class that began to grow, including shopkeepers, craftspeople, merchants, and small landholders?

The bourgeoisie

What was a period characterized by a revival of interest in classical Greek and Roman literature, culture, art, and civic virtue?

The Renaissance

What was the focus on individuals rather than God called?

humanism

What dynasty in China continued progressing?

The Song Dynasty

What system did the Aztecs and Incas use?

The Aztecs used a tributary system and the Incas used the mit’a system.

What state, unlike most states, became more decentralized and feudal?

Japan

What are the four types of state-building between c.1200-c.1450?

Emergence of New States, Revival of Former Empires, Synthesis of Different Traditions , Expansion in Scope

What did the Crusades help pave the way to expanding?

Networks of exchange, as lords and their armies of knights brought back fabrics and spices from the East.

What were unified in a system under the control of an authority that respected merchants and enforced laws?

Parts of the Silk Roads that were under the authority of different rulers

What was the system of credit known as, developed in China?

Flying cash

What motivated China’s proto-industrialization?

The growing demand for luxury goods from Afro-Eurasia

Which empire was the largest continuous land empire in history?

The Mongolian Empire

Which knowledge, and system, did the Mongols transfer to Western Europe?

Greco-Islamic medical knowledge and the Arabic numbering system

What expansion led to an increase of city populations?

Expansion of Islam

What helped to provide revenue from trade?

The growth of new states

What was the effect of merchants engaging with the cultures of regions involved in sea travel?

Diasporic Communities

What was the most precious commodity traded through the Trans-Saharan Trade Routes?

Gold

Which cities developed into centers of Muslim life, accumulating the most wealth?

Timbuktu and Gao

What city had Sundiata and Mansa Musa as key figures?

Timbuktu

What city had Ibn Rushd and Maimonides as key figures?

Cordoba

What city had Justinian and Heraclius as key figures?

Constantinople

Buddhism came to China from its birthplace in what country?

India

Science and technology traveled along which routes?

Trade routes

Who translated Greek literary classics into Arabic?

Islamic scholars

Migration southward to the Champa rice growing region contributed to what?

The growth of Chinese cities

One third of the population died because of the?

Black Death

Where the monsoon-dependent trade routes in the Indian Ocean linked to

East Asia with Southeast Asia, South Asia, and Southwest Asia

What trade routes gave rise to trading cities

The Silk Road, Indian Ocean, and Trans-Saharan

What does the term, Gunpowder Empires, refer to?

Large, multiethnic states in Southwest, Central, and South Asia that relied on firearms to conquer and control territories

Which countries were included in the Gunpowder Empires?

Russian, Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires

Who crowned himself as tsar in Russia (1547—1584) and set out to expand the Russian border eastward?

Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible)

Which dynasty was overthrown by the Ming Dynasty?

China's Yuan Dynasty

Name one similarity of the warrior leaders of the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires

They depended from Turkic nomads who once lived in Central Asia and relied on gunpowder weapons

Whose right to rule was believed to be given to him by God?

England’s King James

As a result of debt, what class was created in Russia?

The peasants sank into serfdom

Askia the Great made what the official religion of Songhai?

Islam

What did the Ottoman's do that restored the glorious buildings of Constantinople?

Cultural contributions

Who objected to the sale of indulgences, which granted a person absolution from the punishments for sin, and to simony, the selling of church offices?

Martin Luther

Who authorized The Institutes of the Christian Religion and helped reform the religious community in Geneva, Switzerland?

John Calvin

What church would be free of control by the pope in Rome?

Anglican Church

What did the Catholic Church concentrate on during the Counter-Reformation?

Reaffirming the rituals and improving the education of priests

What allowed each area of the Holy Roman Empire to select one of three religious options during the Peace of Westphalia?

Roman Catholicism, Lutheranism, or Calvinism

What insisted upon the collection of data to back up a hypothesis?

Empiricism

What was used to offset the power of troops who had more loyalty to their tribe or local governor than to the sultan or shah?

Slave soldiers

Was which empire used paper currency as a means to facilitate trade and tax collection?

The Ming Empire

Columbus voyages connected people across which ocean?

Atlantic Ocean

Name an item Europeans obtained from the Americas, Africa, and Asia

Sugar, enslaved people, and silk & spices

Who financed expeditions along Africa’s Atlantic Coast and around the Cape of Good Hope?

Portuguese ruler Prince Henry the Navigator

What did Newton’s discovery of gravitation do?

Increased knowledge of the tides

What did an astronomical chart do?

Guide ships' direction

Did China continue or discontinue exploring?

China decided not to continue exploring

What did Columbus demonstrate?

That Europeans could reach Asia by sailing west

What did disease impact?

Majority of deaths

What transformed the culture of the American Indians living in the Plains region?

The Europeans brought the horse to the Americas

Which Portuguese, began to import enslaved people from Africa to cultivate sugar?

The Portuguese

Japan took additional steps to persecute who and limit foreign influences?

Christians

Which nations carved out spheres of influence within China?

European nations

Which system was adopted by the European powers to have government control of the economy?

Mercantilism, an economic system that increased government control of the economy through high tariffs and the establishment of colonies

List three economic systems

Slave labor, serfdom, and indentured servants

The transformation to a trade-based economy using gold and silver is known as the?

Commercial Revolution

Name three factors of the Commercial Revolution

The development of European colonies overseas, the opening of new ocean trade routes, population growth, and inflation

Name three effects of the Atlantic Slave Trade

Greatly weakened several West African kingdoms, the loss of so many people slowed population growth, trade competition led to violence among their societies

Cossack Rebellion and Pueob and Apache groups rebelling in present-day New Mexico were all examples of?

Internal and External Challenges to State Power

The Ottoman social system was built around a

Warrior Aristocracy

Name an example of European Hierarchies

Royalty, aristocracy, or nobility

What was the most significant change to the global economy in this period?

The integration of the Western Hemisphere into the global trading network

The Atlantic System was made up of which regions, and what did it involve?

The regions of Western Europe, Western Africa, and the Americas and involved the movement of goods and people among those regions

How did Europeans dominate global trade?

Europeans came to dominate global trade at the expense of Arab, Indian. and Chinese merchants

Which movement emphasized logic and reason to improve society?

The Age of Enlightenment

Which French Writer fought for women's rights during the French Revolution?

Olympe de Gouges