The Brain Notes

How much does the brain weigh?

3 pounds

The brain is how much larger in males?

10%

Is there a connection between brain size and intelligence?

No

How mush does the brain use the body’s oxygen?

30%

How much access does the brain have to the body’s blood?

20%

Are there pain receptors in the brain itself?

No

What are the 2 colors of the brain?

Grey and white

what part of the brain Controls Conscious thought, memory, intellect, sensation and motor control

Cerebrum

The cerebrum has how many lobes?

4

What cerebrum lobe controls consciousnes, initiates skeletal muscle movement, and planning?

Frontal lobe

What is in the frontal lobes?

Prefrontal cortex

Links consequences with actions and handles the concept of time is cortex?

Prefrontal cortex

Which cerebrum lobe processes touch, pain, and taste?

Parietal lobe

Which cerebrum lobe controls vision?

Occipital lobe?

Which cerebrum lobe processes smell and hearing?

Temporal lobe

Which part of the cerebrum has a outer grey layer and the cell bodies of neurons are here?

The cerebral cortex

Which part of the cerebrum has large white matter tract that allows comunication of the hemispheres?

Corpus Collosum

Where do myelinated axons merge?

In the Corpus Collosum

What part of the cerebrum Elevated areas of the cortex, increases surface area

Gyri

Which part of the cerebrum is a shallow depression between gyri?

Sulci

Which hemisphere is known for logic, sequence, science, cs coding, grammar?

Left hemisphere

Which hemisphere is known for creative, music, art, writing

Right hemisphere

Deep grooves in the brain is called what?

Fissure

What fissure in the cerebrum separates left and right hemispheres?

Longitudinal Fissure

Which fissure in the cerebrum separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum?

Transverse Fissure

Chunks of grey matter in each hemisphere, continues movements once started is called what in the cerebrum?

Basal nuclei

Basal nuclei were unchecked, so voluntary movements are extremely difficult to start and continue cannot fix this disease is called what?

Parkinson’s disease

Smooths and coordinates skeletal muscle movements also posture and balance is what part of the brain?

Cerebellum

What cortex in the cerebellum has outer grey matter and can finds purkinji cells here?

Cerebellar Cortex

What is the arbor vitae known as?

The Tree Of Life

A large white matter tract in the cerebellum that allows communication between between the left and right hemispheres is called what?

Arbor Vitae

A mid- sagittal band of cells on the surface that joins the left and right cerebellar hemispheres is called what that is located in the cerebellum?

Vermis

A condition where a person cannot balance is called what?

Ataxia

What is the reason why ataxia can occur in a person?

Due to the damage in the cerebellum

When do you get temporary ataxia?

When you drink alcohol

What part of the brain deals with vital functions and connections to other brain areas?

The brainstem

What are the 3sub units if the brain stem?

Mesencephalon, ponds, and medulla oblongota

Which part of the brain stem deals with alertness?

The mesencephalon a.k.a. midbrain

What are the two things in the mesencephalon in the brainstem?

Superior and inferior colliculus

Body reflexes to visual stimuli, like a flash of bright light is what part of the mesencephalon in the brainstem

Superior colliculus

What part of the Mesencephalon in the brain, stem deals with the body reflexes to loud noises?

Inferior colliculus

what happens if you put two superior collicular and two inferior collicular

You get a quad corponus

What part of the brain stem, modifies breathing and connect cerebellum to rest of the brain?

The pons

What part of the brain stem deals with digestion, blood pressure heart rate and sets heart rate of breathing also link brain with spinal cord?

The medulla oblogata

What part of the brain links between the cerebrum and brainstem?

Diencephalon

What part of the Diencephalon is the post office of the brain?

The thalamus

What part of the Diencephalon deals with body temperature, hormone release of adh and oxytocin, hunger and thirst?

Hypothalamus

The hypothalamus release what two hormones and dieCephalon

ADH and oxytocin

What part of the DienCephalon has pituitary gland and controls all other glands in the body?

Hypophysis

What part of the Diencephalon regulates sleep/wake cycles(circadian rhythms), melatonin released when no light, so you get sleepy?

Pineal gland

Which system is referred to as the emotional system has parts of the cerebrum plus DinCephalon

The limbic system

What part of the limbic system deals with Learning new memory and emotion and looks like a seahorse?

Hippocampus

What two things does the hippocampus deal with in the limbic system

Memory storage and retrieval and converts short-term to long-term memory

What part of the limbic system, links emotion with memory and controls the fight or flight response?

Amygdala

Whist part of the limbic system has white matter connecting the hypothalamus and hippocampus?

Fornix

What does RAS stand for?

Reticular activating system

The reticular activating system filters how much of incoming signals?

99%

What color are the columns of neurons in the reticular activating system?

Pink

What happens to repetitive familiar or weak signals that are filtered in the reticular activating system?

The signals are dampened

What happens to unusual significant or strong signals that are filtered in the reticular activating system?

They reach the Cerebraum

What are the four chambers in the brain called?

Ventricles

Name the four ventricles in the brain

Left lateral ventricle right lateral ventricle third ventricle and fourth ventricle

How are the left and right lateral ventricles divided by

The septum pelluidum

Where is the fourth ventricle located at?

The center of the cerebellum

Ventricles make, and circulate what?

Cerebral spinal fluid(CSF)

What color is cerebral spinal fluid?

Clear

How is the brain protected?

Bones, Meninges, cerebral spinal fluid,and the blood brain barrier

The three layered membrane is called what?

Meninges

List the three layers of meninges from superficial too deep

Dura matter, arachnoid layer, pia matter

The outer most layer of Meninge, the three places where it folds on itself to cover gaps is Falax cerebri ,falax cerebelli ,and tentorium cerebelli. Is called what?

The dura matter

What is located underneath the Dura matter?

The subdural space

What is found in the subdural space?

The veins

The intermediate layer of meningi it looks like spiderwebs. It’s called what?

Arachnoid layer

What is located underneath the Arachoid layer?

The subarachnoid layer

What is found in the Subarachnoid space?

The CSF

The intermost layer of the menengi lies directly on the brain is called what?

The Pia matter

Concussions are a type of what?

FBI

What happens when you get a concussion?

The brain moves back-and-forth inside the skull from a jolt

What happens to the neurons in the brain when someone has a concussion?

some neurons get compressed and others stretch, which should not happen

What are the two most causes of a concussion?

Falls and sports

What is the Cerebrospinal fluid made of?

Choroid plexus

A layer of epidermal cells lining the ventricles is called what?

Choroid plexus

How much Choroid plexus do you make a day?

500ml

What has to be done to the choroid plexus?

Has to circulate throughout the brain

What does the Choroid plexus get drained by? And where does go to?

Arachnoid granulates goes into the veins

When the CSF production is normal or increased, but absorption does not occur or is slow is called what?

Hydrocephalus

What is used in adult and in fence to drain the excess fluid in the brain?

A shunt

A layer of endothelia cells that surrounds brain capillaries is called what?

The blood brain barrier

What covers the surfaces of the endothelia cells in the blood brain barrier?

Astrocytes

What does the blood brain barrier is isolate?

Neural tissue from general circulation

Is the blood brain barrier allowed or denied oxygen, carbon dioxide, glucose, water, alcohol, and anesthesia?

Allowed

Is the blood brain barrier allowed or denied most hormones, most neurotransmitters, most bacteria and viruses, antibodies, penicillin, and tetrocylins?

Denied

What are the exceptions for bacteria and viruses that pass through the blood brain barrier?

Hanson’s (leprosy), polio, and ecencephalitis

What two things lack the blood brain barrier?

The hypothalamus and the vomit center in the brain stem

Why does the hypothalamus lack the blood brain barrier?

Because it needs to regulate water/nutrient content in the blood

Why does the vomit center in the brain stand lack the blood brain barrier

Because it is used to detect poisons in the blood

What causes a stroke?

The blood supply is cut off to brain

What are the two main causes for a stroke?

A clot or aneurysm

A stroke is commonly seen and what two cerebral areas?

Wernicke’s area and Broca’s area