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Glycolipids
A lipid with one or more covalently attached carbohydrates.
Second messengers
A small, nonprotein, water-soluble molecule or ion, such as calcium ion or cyclic AMP, that relays a signal to a cell’s interior in response to a signaling molecule bound by a signal receptor protein.
Anaphase
The fourth stage of mitosis, in which the chromatids of each chromosome have separated and the daughter chromosomes are moving to the poles of the cell.
Metastasis
The spread of cancer cells to locations distant from their original site.
Origin of Replication
Site where the replication of a DNA molecule begins, consisting of a specific sequence of nucleotides.
Growth Factor
A protein that must be present in the extra cellular environment (culture medium or animal body) for the growth and normal development of certain types of cells. 2. A local regulator that acts on nearby cells to stimulate cell proliferation and differentiation.
Transformation
(1) The process by which a cell in culture acquires the ability to divide indefinitely, similar to the division of cancer cells. (2) A change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by a cell. When the external DNA is from a member of a different species, transformation results in horizontal gene transfer.
Cleavage Furrow
The first sign of cleavage in an animal cell; a shallow groove around the cell in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate.
Interphase
The period in the cell cycle when the cell is not dividing. During interphase, cellular metabolic activity is high, chromosomes and organelles are duplicated, and cell size may increase. Interphase often accounts for about 90% of the cell cycle.
Chromosomes
A cellular structure consisting of one DNA molecule and associated protein molecules. (In some contexts, such as genome sequencing, the term may refer to the DNA alone.) A eukaryotic cell typically has multiple, linear chromosomes, which are located in the nucleus. A prokaryotic cell often has a single, circular chromosome, which is found in the nucleoid, a region that is not enclosed by a membrane.
Cell Cycle Control System
A cyclically operating set of molecules in the eukaryotic cell that both triggers and coordinates key events in the cell cycle.
Kinetochore
A structure of proteins attached to the centromere that links each sister chromatid to the mitotic spindle.
Somatic cells
Any cell in a multicellular organism except a sperm or egg or their precursors.
Mitosis
A process of nuclear division in eukaryotic cells conventionally divided into five stages: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Mitosis conserves chromosome number by allocating replicated chromosomes equally to each of the daughter nuclei.
Cell cycle
An ordered sequence of events in the life of a cell, from its origin in the division of a parent cell until its own division into two. The eukaryotic cell cycle is composed of interphase (including G1, S, and G2 phases) and M phase (including mitosis and cytokinesis).
Checkpoint
A control point in the cell cycle where stop and go-ahead signals can regulate the cycle.
Binary Fission
A method of asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms in which the cell grows to roughly double its size and then divides into two cells. In prokaryotes, binary fission does not involve mitosis, but in single-celled eukaryotes that undergo binary fission, mitosis is part of the process.
Anchorage Dependence
The requirement that a cell must be attached to a substream in order to initiate cell division.
Metaphase Plate
An imaginary structure located at a plane midway between the two poles of a cell in metaphase on which the centromeres of all the duplicated chromosomes are located.
Cytokinesis
Any of a group of small proteins secreted by a number of cell types, including macrophages and helper T cells, that regulate the function of other cells.
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