AP Human Geography Unit 2 Population and Migration.

Population Distribution

The pattern and spread of people across the Earth.

Example: The Population Distributuion centered around a well would be nodal, and fairly condensed because all citizens need the well for water.

Population Density

The amount of people living in one square mile or kilometer.

Example: The population density of an urban area would be very high, because of the compact places of residence, whereas the population density of a rural area would be very low, because the houses are spread out.

Arithmetic Density

The total number of people divided by total amount of land.

Example: If there were 100,00 people living in 10,000 square miles of land would be 10.

Physiological Density

The total number of people divided by all land that can be used for farming.

Example: If there were 100,000 people living in an area with 1,000 square miles of land that can be used for farming, the physiological density would be 10,000.

Agricultural Density

The number of farmers in an area to the amount of land that can be used for farming.

Example: If there were 100 farmers for 100,000 square miles of land usable for farming, the agricultural density would be 1,000.

Midlatitudes

All land between 30º N and 60ºN and 30º S and 60º S.

Example: Georgia is part of the midlatitudes because it falls between 30º N and 60º N in terms of latitude.

Social Stratification

The system of breaking people into groups based on economic status, power, ethnicity or religion.

Example: The rich people get to live in elaborate palaces closest to a clean lake, whereas poorer people have to live far away from this water source in small houses.

Arable Land

Land that can be used to grow crops.

Example: Arable land has proper soil, proper water and a good sunlight.

Urban Services

It is much easier to provide services (sewage, electricity, water etc.) in areas that have a higher population density (urban)

Example: Due to the large cluster of people, less wires are needed to provide electricity in an urban area. In a rural area, many of the houses are spread out, needing more wires to connect these people.

Redistricting

The process of remaking political districts to suit the changing population.

Example: If an urban area has a sudden rise in population, it is likely this urban area will be split into two new districts.

Age-Sex Composition Graph/ Population Pyramids

A bar graph depicting the percentage of the population a certain age-group of a particular gender. This is typically used to view the change in population over a time period.

Example: Nigeria's population pyramid would have a very large base, meaning a large population of young people, therefore a recent rise in population. Russia's population pyramid would have a very large top, depicting a large population of old people, and a decline in population.

Cohort

A horizontal age group found in a population pyramid

Example: Typically these cohorts move in 5 year intervals. On a population pyramid a possible cohort would be 30-35.

Birth Deficit

The slowdown of births; A decrease in population.

Example: There would be a large birth deficit during a war because people would be scared and have preoccupations, as well as a smaller amount of men in the country.

Baby Boom/Baby Bust

Baby Boom: A large increase in births due to the ending of a conflict or sustained peace.

Baby Bust: A sudden decrease following a Baby Boom.

Example: Once World War II ended, many people had babies out of happiness and faith in the sustained world (Baby Boom). Following this, far less people had children (Baby Bust).

Echo

A large increase of births following a baby boom, due to the larger amount of people reaching child bearing age.

Example: When the "Baby Boomers" from the WWII reached child-bearing age in the 1980-1990s, there was a spike in births, representing this large population

Dependency Ratio

A ratio comparing the working population vs the non working population.

Example: If there were two times as many working people as there were non-working population, the Dependency Ratio would be 2:1.

Potential Workforce

The total number of workers that age from 15-64.

Example: Countries with a young population (Nigeria) would have a very high potential workforce due to the large amount of people in this age range.

Dependent Population

All people younger than 15 and older than 64.

Example: In countries with very old populations (Russia) there will be a much higher dependent population.

Demographics

The patterns found in populations and how they grow and change.

Example: Studying the progression of extreme population increase to the overall economy of an area would be an example of something studied in demography. I.e. How the U.S. drew many migrants due to the Industrial Revolution.

Population Doubling Time

The amount of time necessary for a population to double.

Example: A country with a lot of increase (Nigeria) would have a small doubling time; a country without a lot of increase (Russia) would have a large doubling time.

Pro-Natalist Policies

Policies that encourage the birth of children.

Example: Countries that are trying to bolster their population might implement longer maternity leave or free child care.

Anti-Natalist Policies

Policies that are designed to decrease the total number of births in a country

Example: Countries trying to decrease their population might implement education about family planning, free birth control, and encouraged abortions.

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

The number of births per 1,000 people in a particular country.

Example: Niger is having a lot of population growth, therefore having a large CBR, producing more people.

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

The amount of children that would be born per 1,000 women if the current birth rates were constant.

Example: Niger has a very large Total Fertility Rate, because a lot of children are being born, but the amount of women in Niger is not extremely large.

Overpopulation

The state in which the environment cannot support the amount of people living there.

Example: Japan has an extremely large population, and they are currently facing pollution problems due to this large sum of people.

Life Expectancy

The average length of a person's life in a particular area.

Example: In areas with good medical technology (UK), will allow people to live longer than areas without good technology (Nigeria), therefore having a higher life-expectancy.

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

The comparison of deaths of children less than 1 year of age to the total number of live births.

Example: Areas without proper birth procedures (Zimbabwe) will have a higher IMR than areas that do (UK).

Demographic Transition Model

The stages a society goes through regarding crude birth rates, death rates, natural increase and how it affects the total population.

Example: When a country is just beginning, there will be low crude birth rates, high death rates and low natural increase. Over time, these will all rise until this country cannot support the population, then these will fall, therefore causing the population to fall.

Expansive Population Pyramid

A population pyramid depicting a country with growing population, therefore a big base and a skinny top.

Example: Niger would have an Expansive Population Pyramid due to the current growing population.

Epidemiological Transition Model

The progression of disease and life expectancy across a country.

Example: A country that begins with little resources would be in the first step of Epidemiological Transition, because many people would be dying until they can bake the progression.

Stationary Population Pyramid

A population pyramid depicting a population that is remaining constant. Has the same length at the bottom of the pyramid as it does on the top.

Example: A country that has a low but stable economy is likely to have a stationary population pyramid because there aren't enough resources to grow, but there are not to many people to decrease.

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

The number of deaths per 1,000 people of a population.

Example: If a population has 100,000 people and 980 people die, the CDR would be 9.8.

Rate of Natural Increase

The overall increase of a countries population only from people previously living within a country, excluding immigrants. This is found by taking (crude birth rate-crude death rate)/10.

Example: A crude birth rate of 100 and a crude death rate of 30 would be 7.

Immigrants/Emigrants

Immigrants: The people moving into a country.

Emigrants: The people moving out of a country.

Example: A country near failing countries that is having success will draw immigrants. That failing country will be losing emigrants.

Demographic Balancing Equation

An equation that calculates total population change.

Total Population Change=Births-Deaths+Immigrants-Emigrants.

Example: If a person had 100 Birth 30 Death 50 Immigrants and 10 Emigrants, the Demographic Balancing Equations would result in 110.

Thomas Malthus/Malthusian Theory

This theory states that food production will grow geometrically while population grows exponentially, therefore food production will not be able to keep up with population, causing an eventual decline of population.

Example: A country begins to develop farming revolutions every 50 years, but by the time food reaches the initial standard, the population would have grown far to large.

Neo-Malthusians

Those who believe that Malthus' theory regarding population is bogus, and population will not be able to grow as large as he predicted and the food production will grow far larger.

Example: India is a country that has grown incredibly but is still far less than what Malthus predicted. The recent development of rice production has allowed food production to keep up.

Migration

The process in which people or a group of people move to a new location for a certain period of time.

Example: When the large group of immigrants from Ireland moved from Ireland to America and stayed there working in jobs, these people migrated to America.

Push Factors/Pull Factors

Push Factor: A negative environment created in an area where a person is living, prompting them to leave. This environment could be created political, environmental, economical and many other characteristics.

Pull Factor: A positive environment create in an area drawing migrants due to the promise of a better life. This environment could also be created by political, environmental, economical, and many other characteristics.

Example: When the economy was failing in Ireland, this created a negative economic environment, leading people out. The growing economy in America welcoming these Irish immigrants due to the possibility to make money.

Forced Migration

Migration in which the migrants move due to either a political power forcing them out of the country, or they are scared to the point where they do not feel safe living in their country.

Example: In Burma, the Rahyinga Muslims are being attacked and killed by both the government and Buddhist mobs, leading to a forced migration out of Burma and into the neighboring countries, due to fear of death.

Refugees

People that leave their country of origin for another country in search of safety.

Example: Those in Syria that have fled their country in the midst of a civil war are considered refugees due to their fear that they will be killed, looking for safety in neighboring countries.

Internally Displaced People

A person leaving their homes with an attempt to avoid the dangers found near their homes, however do not leave their country.

Example: There are many countries in Africa with dangers, therefore people move away from these dangers, however the tensions between countries prevent them moving out of the country.

Asylum/Asylum seekers

Asylum: The protection to refugees offered by receiving countries.

Asylum Seeker: A person fleeing to a country hoping to be recognized as a refugee.

Example: Countries like Turkey, a neighbor of Syria, are offering asylum to the refugees fleeing from the Syrian civil war, classifying those "flee-ers" as asylum seekers.

Intervening Obstacle

Objects, both tangible and intangible, making migration more difficult.

Example: The ocean between Cuba and Florida, as well as the lack of money to pay for proper transportation are both intervening obstacles, making the migration from Cuba to Florida more difficult.

Voluntary Migration

The permanent movement from one place to another based on the movers own consent.

Example: When a person migrates from Ohio to Miami to retire, due to the warm weather, they would be voluntary migrants due to the fact that they chose to migrate.

Transnational Migration

Migration taking place from one country to another.

Example: When people from Mexico migrate to the US, they are taking part in transnational migration.

Step Migration

Migration from one place to another taking place in different stages.

Example: When people migrate from Mexico to the US, they begin working in agriculture in the southwestern states of the US. As they begin to make more money, they make their way to larger cities in search of more work. After making good wages, they move from the large city to the suburb areas, with, likely a family.

Chain Migration

Migration occurring when a person migrates to an area where their relatives have already migrated.

Example: When a Mexican male moves to the US, and begins to have success, he helps his family to make the same migration from Mexico to the US.

Great Migration

The migration of 6 million African Americans from the southern to the northern states, following the abolishment of slavery from 1915-1960.

Example: Many of these people moved to northern states, with hopes of finding more work in urban cities.

Atlantic Slave Trade

The time in which large numbers of Africans were forcefully migrated to the America's for working purposes.

Example: Many of these Africans were then enslaved and forced to work on the newly founded plantations in the Southern US states.

Remittances

The transfer of money made by migrants in a new country to the country of which they originated and the family members that still live there.

Example: If a person from India migrates to the United States for college, and makes a large sum of money, they will send a percentage of this money back to the family that he or she has in India.

Ravenstein's Laws of Migration

Laws regarding migration tendencies, and the effects they have on both the losing and the receiving countries population and economy.

Example: One of Ravenstein's laws states that younger males are more likely to migrate.

Gravity Model

A model used to estimate the potential migration a city will draw based on both distance decay and urbanization.

Example: Miami is likely to draw a large number of Cuban immigrants due to its close proximity to Cuba, and the large number of economic opportunity in the urban city.

Counter Migration

The process in which a citizens of a country receiving lots of immigrants move out of that country and into another country, many times the country where the emigrants are emigrating from.

Example: Italy has received a large number of immigrants, resulting in a large number of Italian citizens emigrating from Italy.

Return Migration

When a migrant moves back to their country of origin.

Example: When the Syrian Civil War ends, it is likely Syria will receive a large number of return migrants.

Ethnic Enclaves

A town or area of a town in which there is a large concentration of a particular culture or ethnicity.

Example: In Chinatown, New York City, New York, there is a large number of people of Asian Descent, therefore classify ing it as an Ethnic enclave.

Xenophobia

The fear of immigrants from other countries.

Example: Those who believe that immigrants will steal their jobs suffer from xenophobia.

Brain Drain

When a large number of young talented people leave a country and never return, destroying the dependency ratio.

Example: In countries like India, many young, working age people, leave for the American Market, and rarely return, creating a much larger population of the dependent population.

Distance-Decay

The further away two locations are, the less likely they are to interact, or sent migrants toward each other.

Example: People are less likely to migrate from Canada to Australia then they are to migrate from North Dakota to Canada.

Quantitative Data

Date measured in strict numbers.

Example: The overall population of a country would be a particular number, therefore quantitative.

Qualitative Data

Information describing the qualities of an object.

Example: The overall situation of the economy of a country would be qualitative due to the fact that it can be described in words.