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Totalitarianism

A system of government in which the state has total control over all aspects of public and private life. Individual freedoms are extremely limited or nonexistent.

Black Shirts

Paramilitary groups in Fascist Italy who supported Mussolini using violence and intimidation against political opponents. They helped him gain and maintain power.

March on Rome

A 1922 event in which Mussolini and his supporters marched to demand political power, leading the king to appoint him prime minister. It marked the beginning of Fascist rule in Italy.

Mein Kampf

A book written by Adolf Hitler outlining his political ideology, plans for Germany, and antisemitic beliefs. It became a key text of Nazi ideology.

Enabling act

A 1933 law that allowed Hitler to make laws without the German parliament, effectively giving him dictatorial power. It marked the end of democracy in Germany.

Nuremberg laws

A set of laws passed in 1935 that discriminated against Jews by stripping them of citizenship and rights. They legalized racial discrimination in Nazi Germany.

War Communism

An economic system used by the Bolsheviks during the Russian Civil War, involving state control of industry and forced grain requisition. It aimed to support the war effort but caused hardship and famine.

New Economic Policy

A temporary policy introduced by Lenin that allowed some private business and small-scale capitalism. It was meant to revive the Soviet economy after War Communism.

Collectivisation

A policy under Stalin that forced farmers to join large, state-controlled farms. It aimed to increase agricultural production but led to resistance and famine.

Kulaks

Relatively wealthy peasants in the Soviet Union who owned more land or livestock than others. They were targeted and persecuted during collectivisation.

Holodomor

A man-made famine in Ukraine (1932–1933) caused by Stalin’s policies, leading to millions of deaths. It is widely considered a result of forced collectivisation and grain seizures.