Studied by 8 people
Amino Acid
Building blocks of protein
Anti-Codon
A sequence of three nucleotides forming a unit of genetic code in a transfer RNA molecule, corresponding to a complementary codon in messenger RNA.
codon
a sequence of three nucleotides that together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule.
complimentary base pairing
hydrogen bonding between particular bases; in DNA, thymine (T) pairs with adenine (A), and guanine (G) pairs with cytosine (C); in RNA, uracil (U) pairs with A, and G pairs with C
dna helicase
An enzyme that unwinds the DNA double helix during DNA replication
dna polymerase
Enzyme involved in DNA replication that joins individual nucleotides to produce a DNA molecule
dna sequence
order of nucleotides in a strand of DNA
dna triplet
Sequence of 3 DNA nucleotides. Represented by 3 bases which set the code for one amino acid. Genetic code is a triplet code. 64 possible DNA triplets.
elongation
addition of amino acids to the polypeptide chain; continues until it reaches a stop codon
environmental mutagen
either physical or chemical element that can cause mutations, e.g. radioactive elements (uv rays, x-rays) cigarette smoke, pesticides
gene
A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait
gene cloning
The production of multiple copies of a gene.
genetic disorder
An abnormal condition that a person inherits through genes or chromosomes
genetic engineering
Process of making changes in the DNA code of living organisms
genetically modified organism
An organism whose genetic material has been altered through some genetic engineering technology or technique.
genome
the complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in that organism's chromosomes
genomics
study of whole genomes, including genes and their functions
gene therapy
The insertion of working copies of a gene into the cells of a person with a genetic disorder in an attempt to correct the disorder
human genome project
An international collaborative effort to map and sequence the DNA of the entire human genome.
Initiation
mRNA binds to the small ribosome subunit then the 2 ribosome subunits bind together
transcription
(genetics) the organic process whereby the DNA sequence in a gene is copied into mRNA
start the first stage of protein synth
messenger RNA
RNA molecule that carries copies of instructions for the assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell
mutation
a random error in gene replication that leads to a change
personalized medicine
use of a person's genetic profile to guide decisions about prevention and treatment of disease and mental disorders
polymerase chain reaction
A method of producing thousands of copies of DNA segment using the enzyme DNA polymerase
polypeptide chain
long chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds
about 20 aa
recombinant DNA
DNA produced by combining DNA from different sources
replication
Copying process by which a cell duplicates its DNA
occurs prior to cell division
Semi conservative
stages of dna replication
unwind and unzip, complimentary base pairing, joining of adjacent nucleotides
restriction enzyme
Enzyme that cuts DNA at a specific sequence of nucleotides
ribosome
Makes proteins
termination
the elongation cycle continues until mRNA "reads" stop codon
stop codon
3 letter word that doesn't belong to a matching tRNA
no new amino acid can be added
transgenic organism
Organisms that contain functional recombinant DNA from a different organism
translation stages
initiation
elongation
termination
transfer rna
type of RNA molecule that transfers amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis
dna vs protein synth
The main difference between protein synthesis and DNA replication is that the protein synthesis is the production of a functional protein molecule based on the information in the genes
whereas DNA replication is the production of an exact replica of an existing DNA molecule
Draw a diagram to illustrate how the carbonic acid / bicarbonate ion buffer system works when acid is added to the blood (where this buffer system works).
Draw a diagram to illustrate how the acetic acid / acetate ion buffer system works when acid is added to the solution.
When an acid is introduced to a buffer system, the CH3COO- reacts with the extra H+ ions to balance the pH. This reaction keeps happening until the pH balances out and the concentration of the acid reduces.
unwinding (dna rep)
helicase enzyme unwinds the double helix and breaks the H bonds between the complimentary base pairs along the chains
complimentary base pairing (dna rep)
the a,t,c,g enzymes dna polymerase seperate from eachother and the polymerase are responsible for H-bonding the new nucleotides to the template strand. only reads DNA in one direction. 3' to 5'
joining (dna rep)
dna ligase glues together the fragments that the lagging strand did not fill.
the process that ensures daughter DNA is identical to parent dna
meiosis - process where a single cell divides twice to produce four cells containing half the original amount of genetic information
Explain the primary structure of protein. Include relevant bonds and molecule shape.
sequence of amino acids in a chain
peptide bonding between amino acids
Explain the secondary structure of protein. Include relevant bonds and molecule shape.
sequence of amino acids from p structure folds
hydrogen bonds involving the backbone of the amino acid structure causes folding into secondary structure
Within the same strand --> alpha helix
Between neighbouring strands --> beta pleated sheet
Explain the tertiary structure of protein. Include relevant bonds and molecule shape.
Bonds form between the amino acid-groups causing the protein to fold into a tertiary structure
bonds present : covalent, disulfide, hydrogen, Van der Waals interaction
This 3D shape allows the protein to properly perform its function
Directly caused by primary structure
Some proteins are functional at this point
Explain the quaternary structure of protein. Include relevant bonds and associations.
2 or more tertiary structures join together to form a functional protein
i.e. hemoglobin --> 2 α strands & 2 β strands
Describe the 6 major functions of protein in the body.
Provide structural support (i.e. collagen, elastin)
Enable movement (i.e. actin, myosin)
Facilitate chemical reactions (enzymes - i.e. carbonic anhydrase, pepsin)
Facilitate communication (hormones - i.e. insulin)
Immune response (antibodies)
Transport
Around body (i.e. hemoglobin)
Across cell membranes (i.e. sodium/potassium pump)
Differentiate between monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.
Monosaccharides are monomers of sugars
disaccharides are composed of two monomers
polysaccharides are composed of a large number of monomers.
What are the major differences in structure and function for these polysaccharides: glycogen
Glycogen Stores glucose in liver and muscle cells of animals
Chains of glucose that have many branches
When blood sugar is high, glucose is added to glycogen
When blood sugar is low, glucose is removed from glycogen
What are the major differences in structure and function for these polysaccharides: starch
Starch Stores glucose in plant cells
Chains of glucose with very little branching
What are the major differences in structure and function for these polysaccharides: cellulose
Cellulose Primary building material for plant cell walls
Unbranched chains of glucose
β-bond between glucose molecules
Humans can't digest cellulose (no enzyme for β-bond)
Passes through digestive tract (aka fibre)
Describe the 4 major functions of carbohydrates in living things.
Short term energy supply i. Glucose is the main fuel used by cells to produce the energy molecule ATP
Energy storage i. Liver & muscle cells store glucose as glycogen ii. Plants store glucose as starch
Markers on cell membranes i. Carbohydrates are involved in cell identification ii. Carbohydrates are receptors
Structural support i. Cellulose fibers in plant cell walls
dipeptide
chain of 2 amino acids
how do amino acids join togethr
dehydration synthesis which produces a peptide bond between the c and n
disaccharides
Formed by dehydration synthesis between 2 monosaccharides
Chain of 2 simple sugars ○ Maltose = 2 glucose ○ Sucrose = 1 glucose + 1 fructose ○ Lactose = 1 glucose + 1 galactose
Water soluble (will dissolve)
Describe the 5 main functions of lipids in living things.
Long-term energy storage
Insulation (Blubber)
Padding of internal organs from impact
Structural material -> phospholipids in cell membrane
Chemical messenger (hormones)
Describe the 3 functions of nucleic acids in living things.
Control cell activities
Protein synthesis
Energy currency of the cell
steps of dna replication
at origin, helicase begins unzipping and unwinding the dna. ssb proteins stop the dna from joining back together.
primase comes in and makes RNA primers on both strands. dna polymerase starts from these points.
transcription
building instructions spelled out by DNA is transferred to mRNA
rna polymerase connects complimentary rna bases to the dna this forms mRNA
functions of DNA
store info
replicate faithfully (preserve info)
ability to mutate (add variability to info)
What is Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)? What is it used for?
A laboratory method used to make many copies of a specific piece of DNA from a sample that contains very tiny amounts of that DNA.
Polymerase chain reaction allows these pieces of DNA to be amplified so they can be detected.
initiation
mRNA binds to small ribosome subunit, then 2 ribosome
What is RFLP (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism)? What is it used for?
RFLPs can be used as genetic markers, which are often used to follow the inheritance of DNA through families.
elongation
ribosome holds mRNA and allows complimentary tRNA to attach to binding sites.
tRNA binds to "p" site, another tRNA binds to "a" site binding causes change -> amino acid lets go of tRNA and binds to neighbouring amino acids.
"empty" tRNA leaves ribosome
Identify & define 6 properties of water that allow it to support life.
Water has a high heat capacity which means that it takes a lot of energy to raise its temperature by 1 degree Celsius. Environmental temperatures are lower when close to bodies of water.
Water has a high heat of vaporization; it boils at a high temperature, which is 100 degrees Celsius. Water can be found in liquid and solid form in the Earth’s environmental conditions.
Water is a solvent, which means that it dissolves objects (ionic, polar covalent). Water allows chemical reactions to take place in cell and bodily fluids. It can also transport materials throughout the body and cells by using water solutions.
Water molecules are cohesive and adhesive which means that water molecules stick to each other and stick to other molecules. Water can pull other water molecules and dissolved materials around.
Water has a high surface tension which means it exhibits a significant resistance to penetration compared to the resistance experienced in the bulk of the liquid.
Frozen water is less dense than liquid water. The glaciers created from frozen water make habitats and insulate and protect aquatic life in ponds and lakes.
Water’s unique properties allow water to perform several important functions in the human body. Identify 4 of water’s function.
Water helps living things maintain stable body temperature due to the high specific heat capacity.
Water also helps cool down the body through sweat because of its high heat of vaporization.
It aids chemical reactions because it is the universal solvent.
Water also helps transport material through the body because it is the universal solvent and because it is cohesive and adhesive.
gene mutation vs chromosome mutation
gene mutations
substitution
insertion
deletion
substitution
base is matched to the wrong complimentary base
insertion
extra base added in
deletion
base is removed
frameshift mutation
due to insertion or deletion, everything after the affected base could be affected negatively when reading codons
chromosomal mutation
duplication
deletion
inversion
translocation
duplication
multiple copies of genes are made
deletion
some genetic material on chromosomes break off
inversion
broken chromosome segment gets inversed
translocation
fragment from one chromosome breaks off and attatches to another
Note
Flashcard