AP HuG Exam Review - Unit 5

topography

the arrangement of shapes on Earth's surface

tropical wet climate

a climate located along the equator that experiences rain every day of the year

tropical wet and dry climate

a climate located along the equator that has a dry season with little to no rain, usually in the winter; is often subject to monsoons

monsoon

season reversal of winds with a general onshore movement in summer and a general offshore movement in winter; onshore winds bring monsoon rains

monsoon rains

long periods of heavy rains every day at the end of a short dry season

arid climate

a climate that receives less than 10 inches (25 centimeters) of rain annually

semiarid (steppe) climate

a climate that receives about 10 to 25 inches (25 to 50 centimeters) of rain annually that can support farming

moderate climate

year-round temperature of 75 degrees Fahrenheit (24 degrees Celsius); found north and south of the equator on the edges of tropical climates

humid subtropical climate

A climate with long, hot summers and short, mild winters with variable precipitation; found on east coasts of continents

marine west coast clime

a climate found along western coasts of continents closer to the poles; characterized by moderate temperatures during long summers and cool winters

mediterranean climate

a climate with winter precipitation, unusually mild winters, and clear skies with abundant sunshine; found along the Mediterranean Sea and a few western coastal regions (California, Chile, Australia)

• West coasts of continenets

continental climate

a climate that has a large range of temperatures and moderate precipitation; found in the interior of continents, north of the moderate climate zones

humid continental climate

A climate with a wide range of temperatures, moderate precipitation, and four distinct seasons; experiences warm to hot summers, moderate to abundant rainfall (20-50 inches annually), and cold winters with precipitation falling as snow

humid cold climate

a climate with frigid temperatures nearly year-round temperature of 75 degrees Fahrenheit; found north and south of the equator on the edges of tropical clilmates

intensive agriculture

Crop cultivation and livestock rearing systems that use high levels of labor and capital relative to the size of the landholding

subsistence agriculture

food production mainly for consumption by the farming family and local community, rather than principally for sale in the market

commercial agriculture

farming oriented exclusively toward the production of agricultural commodities for sale in the market

market gardening

a small-scale farming system in which a farmer plants one to a few acres that produce a diverse mixture of vegetable and fruits, mostly for sale in local and regional markets

• Warm mid-latitude climate (not too hot/cold, not too wet/dry); mediterranean, moderate climate

• Intensive Agriculture

  • Requires capital investments of greenhouses and fertilizers

• Small farms dispersed in suburban area

truck farm

A scaled-up version of market gardening, with more acreage, less crop diversity, and a stronger orientation toward more distant markets

plantation

large-scale farm that produces one or more cash crops on a large piece of land.Replaced subsistence agri under colonialism

• Intensive

  • Large amount of land

  • Labor and capital intensive

• Tropical/subtropical climate

• Vast, flat areas near coastal regions; linear patterns

mixed crop/livestock agriculture

A type of intensive agriculture that involves both crops AND animals being cultivated together

• Can be commercial OR subsistence

• Primarily MDCs, some LDCs

• Cold and Warm Mid-Latitude Climate

cereal grains

Seeds that come from a wide variety of
grasses cultivated around the world, including wheat,
barley, sorghum, millet, oats, and maize (corn)

millet

a fast-growing cereal plant that is widely grown in warm countries and regions with poor soils

cash crop

a crop raised to be sold for profit rather than to feed the farm family and the livestock; common cash crops are cotton, sugar, coffee, and tobacco

paddy rice farming

a method of cultivating rice in flooded fields, also known as paddies

• Intensive ag

• Terraced hillsides, dikes, levees, canals, drainage channels; works w the environment

grain farming

A type of intensive commercial agriculture that is highly mechanized and specializes in the production of cereal grains (usually wheat); requires large farms and widespread use of machinery, synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, and genetically engineered seeds

• Can be intensive and extensive

• Spring Wheat - Planted in early spring, harvested in early Autumn, grown in colder regions

• Winter Wheat - Planted in the fall and harvested in early summer. It is grown in warmer regions such as Kansas, Oklahoma, and Europe

• Cold mid-latitude climate

livestock fattening

An intensive system of animal feeding utilizing fenced enclosures to fatten livestock, mostly cattle and hogs, for slaughter and processing for the market

feedlot

A fenced enclosure used for intensive livestock feeding that serves to limit livestock movement and associated weight loss

dairying/dairy farming

A farming system that specializes in the breeding, rearing, and utilization of livestock (primarily cows) to produce milk and its various by-products, such as yogurt, butter, and cheese

• Intensive, commercial agriculture

extensive agriculture

a type of agricultural production that involves the use of relatively low levels of inputs, such as labor, capital, and chemicals, in order to produce crops or livestock.

shifting cultivation

Cultivation of a plot of land until it becomes less productive (3-5 years), then shift to new plot after prepped by slash and burn

• Subsistence ag

• Extensive

• Allows for intercropping

• Climate: Tropical

• Small clearings around villages in tropical areas

• Benefits → Adds nutrients to soil

• Consequences →

  • Ecosystems can’t always recover, loss of old-growth forestland, pollutes air with smoke/ash, soil erosion = desertifications

slash-and-burn (swidden) agriculture

Agriculture that involves cutting small plots in forests or woodlands, burning the cuttings to clear the ground and release nutrients, and planting in the ash of the cleared plot

intercropping

the farming practice of planting multiple (different) crops together in the same clearing at the same time

nomadic herding (nomadic pastoralism or pastoralism)

subsistence agriculture and extensive farming practice in which herders and their livestock move seasonally to areas with water and grazing land

• Vertical shift - lowlands in winter to highlands in summer

• Horizontal shift - follow seasonal movement of rainfall

• Climate: Drylands

• Associated with ethnic and indigenous tribal culture - type of livestock and herding = cultural identity & dependent on climate

tundra

the vast, flat, treeless arctic region of Europe, Asia, and North America in which the subsoil is permanently frozen

livestock ranching

the practice of using extensive tracts of land to rear herds of livestock to sell as meat, hides, or wool

• Extensive

• Climate: Drylands

agricultural landscape

the visible imprint of agricultural practices

grain elevator

large storage facility for grain

suitcase farm

in U.S. commercial grain agriculture regions, a farm on which no one lives; planting and harvesting are done by hired migratory crews

survey methods

the methods used to lay out property lines

cadastral survey

a systematic documentation of property ownership, shape, use, and boundaries

metes and bounds

survey system that uses natural features such as trees, boulders, and streams to delineate property boundaries; uses natural features such as trees, boulders, and streams to delineate property boundaries; creates irregular lines

• Metes - used for short distances

• Bounds - Covered larger areas

township and range

Land survey system created by the U.S. Land Ordinance of 1785, which divides most of the country's territory into a grid of squares with 6-mile sides, which are then divided into smaller squares and rectangles

• Common in Midwestern US

• Creates dispersed rural settlement pattern separating everyone

long-lot survey system

A unit-block surveying system whose basic unit is a rectangle that is typically 10 times longer than it is wide

domestication

the process by which a plant or animal is tamed by human society so that that plant or animal can be reliably utilized to provide for human sustenance

First Agricultural Revolution

period during which the early domestication and diffusion of plants and animals and the cultivation of seed crops led to the development of agriculture

hearth

a center where innovations or new practices develop and from which the innovations or new practices spread or diffuse

Fertile Crescent

Area in Southwest Asia that includes the river valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates; the earliest center of domestication of seed plants

Indus River Valley

Area along the Indus River that flows from the highlands of Tibet and continues down along the border between present-day Pakistan and India; a site of the earliest domestication of plants and herd animals

Columbian Exchange

the interaction and widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, disease, and ideas between the Americas, West Africa, and the Old World in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries

Second Agricultural Revolution

period that brought improved methods of cultivation, harvesting, and storage of farm produce that began in the late 1600s and continued through the 1930s; used the innovations of the Industrial Revolution in England to increase food supplies and support population growth

• Mechanization

• Synthetic Fertilizers

• Agrichemicals (herbicides and pesticides)

• Select breeding

• Irrigation improvements

• Crop rotation

• Improvements in canning, storage, and transportation - food lasted longer and could travel farther = more people could eat

agrichemicals

Chemical compounds obtained from petroleum and natural gas for use in agriculture; include fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides

pesticide

material used to kill or repel animals or insects that can damage, destroy, or inhibit crop growth

herbicide

pesticide designed to kill or inhibit the growth or unwanted plants (weeds) that compete with crops

nutrient pollution

consequence of overuse of fertilizer; occurs when excess nutrients seep down into groundwater or are carried into nearby waterways as runoff

runoff

the flow of rain or irrigation water over land

Green Revolution

the U.S.-supported development of high-yield seed varieties that increase the productivity of cereal crops and accompanying agricultural technologies for transfer to less developed countries; part of Third Agricultural Revolution

• Development of high-yield seeds

  • Crossbreeding

• Increased use of synthetic fertilizers and chemical pesticides

  • High input costs for high profit - poor cant use

• Increased irrigation and mechanization

• GMOs

  • Increased yield, resistant to disease, and could withstand the chemicals used to kill weeds and pests

double-cropping

Planting another crop on the same plot of land as soon as the first crop has been harvested

multi-cropping

planting two or three crops per year on the same land

endemic

native to or characteristic of a certain environment

soil salinization

The concentration of dissolved salts in the soil

soil salinity

a measure of the concentration of dissolved salts in the soil; high soil salinity results from poor irrigation practices

capital expenditure

assets that cost money, such as land, machinery, synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, seeds, and livestock feed

bid-rent theory

explains how the demand for and price of land decreases as its distance from the CBD increases

Central Business District (CBD)

a dense cluster of offices and shops located at the city's most accessible point, usually its center

large-scale commercial operation

A large-scale farm oriented exclusively toward the production of agricultural commodities for sale in the market

• Done through monocropping/monoculture

Monocropping (monoculture)

the cultivation of a single commercial crop on extensive tracts of land

agricultural cooperative

An organization where farmers pool their resources in certain areas of activity such as services or production; services or production resources are provided to individual farm members

family farm

A farming operation wholly owned by a family or family corporation that sells its products to some defined market, either directly or through a cooperative

commodity chain

a series of links connecting a commodity's many places of production, distribution, and consumption

agribusiness

large corporation that provides a vast array of goods and services to support the agricultural industry

• Can involve various steps in production in the food-processing industry, such as research and development, processing and production, transportation, marketing, and retail of goods

concentrated animal feeding operation (CAFO)

Animal rearing system that confines livestock (such as cattle, sheep, turkeys, chickens, and hogs) in high-density cages only large enough to allow the animal's body to grow and accomodate equipment for feeding and waste removal

cool chain

The system that uses refrigeration and food-freezing technologies to keep farm produce fresh in climate-controlled environments at every stage of transport from field to retail grocers and restaurants

hinterland

the area surrounding a city

global supply chain

agribusiness, organized at the global scale; encompasses all elements of growing, harvesting,
processing, transporting, marketing, consuming, and disposing of food for people

contract farming

Arrangement between an independent farmer and an agribusiness company to produce a crop; the agribusiness provides the farmer with all the supplies needed to produce a crop in exchange for a guaranteed price and buyer

proprietary seeds

seeds that are developed an entirely owned by a company

export commodity

a good or product that a country produces primarily for export to other countries, rather than for domestic consumption

subsidies

guaranteed prices for staple food crops

famine

extreme scarcity of food

dead zones

Sections of a body of water where there is very little aquatic life

desertification

the process by which once-fertile land becomes desert as a result of climate variation or human activities

water control land reclamation (draining wetlands)

the process of draining land inundated with either fresh or salt water to increase areas for agricultural production. Effects:

• Loss of biodiversity

• More greenhouse gasses

• No more local water supply

• No averting flood damage by holding and then slowly releasing water

irrigated agriculture

farming that relies on the controlled application of water to cultivated fields

aquifer

underground water deposited hundreds of thousands of years ago

sustainable agriculture

a commitment to satisfying human food and textile needs and to enhancing the quality of life for farmers and society as whole, now and in the future; it requires a balance among feeding the growing population, minimizing environmental impacts, and ensuring social justice

genetically modified organisms (GMO)

living organisms, including crops and livestock, whose genetic material has been artificially manipulated in a laboratory through genetic engineering

aquaculture

the cultivation and harvesting of aquatic organisms under controlled conditions

mariculture

the farming of saltwater species such as shrimp, oysters, and marine fish

urban farming

The practice of growing fruits and vegetables on small private plots or shared community gardens within the confines of a city

Community Supported Agriculture (CSA)

A producer- consumer partnership -= farmers are guaranteed buyers for their produce at guaranteed prices and consumers receive fresh food directly

• Ensures consumers a local supply of fresh products

• Farmer gets revenue throughout the season, rather than only at the end

• Consumers → Appreciation/involvement if production process

• Producer understands consumer wants

farmer's market

A venue (ranging from a few stalls in the street to covered enclosures extending a few city blocks) in which farmers sell their produce directly to consumers

organic farming

The production of crops and livestock using ecological processes, natural biodiversity, and renewable resources rather than industrial practices and synthetic inputs

conventional agriculture

farming that depends on manufactured synthetic inputs, GMO seeds, and other industrial practices

value-added specialty crops

a crops whose physical state or form has been changed and it's value has increased because of this change; a crop or agriculture product that is rare or has some special quality

Ex:

• Organically grown crops/meats

• Rare subtropical plants (passion fruit, star fruits, etc)

• Grass-fed beef and free-range chickens and eggs

• Grapes → wine

• Milk → cheese

• Fruits → jams + jellies

fair trade

a certification program that supports good crop prices for farmers and environmentally sound farming practices; promotes higher incomes for producers in LDC’s instead of transnational corps and more sustainable farming practices; people will pay more for fair trade products for social cause

Principles:

• Fair price paid to farmers by importers and pay workers a fair price

• Decent work conditions - safe, no child labor

• Environmental sustainability - Safe practices and no GMOs

slow-food

Movement that resists fast food by preserving the cultural cuisine and the associated food and farming practices of an ecoregion

locavores

people who dedicate themselves to slow-food diets and to obtaining as much of their nutrition as possible from local farmers

food desert

area with limited access to fresh, nutritious, and affordable foods; typically in low income/high poverty area. Causes/Reasons:

• Too far from grocery store

• Poor areas only have smaller stores with bad foods bc larger stores ones know they wont get as much profit

• People don’t have cars or can’t afford public transport

food security

According to the United Nations, the situation in which all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to enough sage and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life