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Efficient
The allocation that maximizes gains from trade.
Price Ceiling
The maximum price any seller can legally charge
Shortage
Occurs when, at the current price, the quantity demanded is greater than the quantity supplied.
Price Floor
The minimum price any seller can legally charge.
Surplus
Occurs when, at the current price, the quantity demanded is less than the quantity supplied. Should not be confused with similar sounding terms: producer surplus and consumer surplus.
Producer surplus and consumer surplus refer to instances when the producer or consumer get some value from a trade. A surplus refers to when there is more of a good produced than will be purchased at the price.