Brain Anatomy

which part of the brain is in the CNS?

cerebral hemispheres and cerebellum

what are the 4 regions of the brain?

1. cerebral hemisphere

2. diencephalon

3. brain stem

4. cerebellum

what is apart of the brain stem? (3)

1. midbrain

2. pons

3. medulla

which grows faster, the brain or the skull?

the brain grows faster

what does the brain do with its limited space?

it folds

what is the cerebral hemisphere?

it is the folded region and 83% of the brain

where is the diencephalon, cerebellum and the brainstem in relation to each other?

the diencephalon is at the top, and right below is the brainstem and behind the brainstem is the cerebellum

what makes the pattern on the spinal cord and brain different?

the brain has another layer of gray matter

the extra layer of gray matter on the brain is called...

the cerebral cortex

the cerebral cortex is our...

conscious mind, where we think

what is the gray matter in the brain?

neuron cell bodies with short nonmyelinated neurons

what is the white matter in the brain?

mostly myelinated axons with some nonmyelinated

what are the islands of gray matter within the white matter of the brain?

islands of nuclei

the cerebrum makes up _____% of the brain mass

83%

what is the cerebrum's function?

ability to read, write, speak, compose music, do calculations and remember the past

how many layers does the cerebrum have? what are they from outside in?

3 layers

1. gray color outer layer

2. internal region with white matter

3. gray matter nuclei deep in the white matter

the cerebral cortex helps with what 3 functions?

1. motor areas

2. sensory areas

3. association areas

the motor area of the cerebral cortex is for...

voluntary muscle control

the sensory area is responsible for...

conscious sensations

what does the association areas do

integrates all other information

the brains hemisphere is concerned with the....

opposite side of the body

what are the gyris?

the ridges of the brain

how are the gyris formed?

the cortical region folds on itself to form gyri

what are the sulci?

the shallow grooves (lines) between the gyris

what are fissures?

deeper sulci or grooves.

what separates the different parts oft he brain?

fissures

what are longitudinal fissures?

deep dividing lines between the left and right cerebral hemispheres

what is the transverse fissures?

separates the cerebral hemisphere from the cerebellum

what are the 5 brain lobes?

1. frontal

2. parietal

3. occipital

4. temporal

5. insula

what divides each lobe?

several sulci

the frontal lobe lies in which fossa?

anterior cranial fossa

the prefrontal cortex is the site of our....

conscious intellect, where learning, memory, personality

where is the primary motor cortex located?

in precentral gyrus

what does the primary motor cortex control?

our skeletal muscles

damage of the primary motor cortex can cause...

paralysis

where is the premotor cortex?

anterior to the primary motor cortex

what does the premotor cortex control?

controls patterned or learned motor skills

where is the broca's area?

above the tip of the temporal lobe

what does the broca's area control?

motor speech

the nucleus basalis is involved with...

memory

what is the nucleus basalis?

group of neurons in the basal forebrain which has a wide projections to the cerebral cortex

the nucleus basalis is rich with...

Ach and Achestrerase

damage to the nucleus basalis occurs in what disorders?

alzheimers and parkinsons

the central sulcus separates what two regions?

motor areas from the sensory areas & association areas

somatic sensation involves what two things..

1. primary somatosensory cortex

2. somatosensory association cortex

where is the gustatory cortex?

in the insula

the gustatory cortex is responsible for...

taste

which cortex is involved with vision?

primary visual cortex and visual association area

which 2 areas of the brain is associated with hearing

1. auditory association area

2. primary auditory cortex

the parietal lobe forms...

the uppermost part of the brain and underlies the parietal bone

what is the parietal lobes function

primary site for receiving and interpreting taste and touch

what does the primary somatosensory cortex do?

receives sensory inputs from receptors in the skin and feel and interprets the cutaneous sensations

what are cutaneous sensations?

touch and pain

taste is generally registered in the...

primary gustatory cortex

where is the occipital lobe?

the very back of the brain, beneath the occipital bone

what is located in the occipital lobe?

primary visual cortex

what is interpreted in the occipital lobe?

retinal images like visions

the association areas of the occipital lobe interprets..

what is seen and enables the thinking of cerebrum to use the information

where is the temporal lobe?

lateral, horizontal lobe deep to the temporal bone

the anterior parts of the temporal lobe lies in the...

middle cranial fossa

what is in the temporal lobe?

primary auditory cortex

the broca's area is involved in...

speech production

patients with lesions in Broca's.....

understand words but cannot speak

where is the wernicke's area?

part of the posterior temporal lobe

what is the wernicke's area involved in?

understanding spoken and written words

patients with lesions in wernickes can....

speak but words are nonsensible

damage to wernicke's area causes...

fluent aphasia

what is fluent aphasia?

where words are easily spoken but not in any meaningful order

what is agraphia?

inability to write words with meaningful content

which hemisphere are brocas present in?

usually only the left hemisphere

where is the insula?

deep to the lateral sulcus

how can you visibly see the insula?

by cutting away some of the overlying cerebrum

what is the function of insula?

plays role in sense of taste and in integrating sensory information

where does the insula receive sensory information?

from visceral receptors

what are examples of visceral receptors?

full bladder, upset stomach

what is lateralization?

when the left and right hemispheres are not equal and work for hemispheric dominance

what does the left hemisphere control?

language, math and logic

the IQ is measured through the control of which hemisphere?

left hemisphere

what does the right hemisphere control?

emotion, intuition, artistic skills

most people who are left hemisphere dominant are...

right handed

the central sulcus separates which lobes?

frontal lobe from the parietal lobe

what is on either side of the central sulcus?

precentral and postcentral gyri

the precentral gyrus is involved in...

motor control

the postcentral gyrus involved with...

sensory input

what does the parietal occipital sulcus separate?

the parietal lobe form occipital lobe

the parietal- occipital sulcus is related to which suture?

lambdoidal

the lateral sulcus separates the...

temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes

what is deep within the lateral sulcus?

the insula

the lateral sulcus function is for...

taste

what are the 3 basic regions of the cerebral hemisphere?

1. a superficial cortex of gray matter

2. an internal white matter that is deep to the gray matter

3. basal nuclei

what is the basal nuclei?

deep cerebral motor centers

basal nuclei are paired masses of...

gray matter within the white matter

the basal nuclei is lateral to the...

thalamus

basal nuclei is involved in...

subconscious aspects of voluntary movements

degeneration of basal nuclei leads too...

parkinsons

what does the corpus callosum do?

connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres

the corpus callosum is used for each hemisphere too...

communicate with each other

what is the function of the hippocampus?

do with the formation of memories

where is the hippocampus?

part of the temporal lobe on the floor of the lateral ventricle

what is the midbrain's function?

involved in visual and auditory reflexes