Sociological Research Methods and Theories

These flashcards cover key concepts related to sociological research methods, data types, theoretical approaches, and key terms discussed in the lecture.

Quantitative Data

Data in numerical forms.

Qualitative Data

Data in different forms that is rich in detail.

Positivism

A sociological approach that treats people as objects, applying patterns and observations to human behavior.

Patterns and Trends

Behavior created by social forces that individuals cannot control, categorized through a macro approach.

Sociology as a Science

The belief that human behavior can be objectively measured using a hypothetico-deductive approach.

Reliability

Data is reliable if it can be repeated with similar results.

Validity

Data is valid if it accurately represents the social world.

Generalizability

The ability to apply sample findings to a wider population.

Representative Sample

A sample that contains social characteristics reflective of the target population.

Ethnography

A qualitative research method where the researcher immerses themselves in a group's way of life.

Participant Observation

A research method where the researcher becomes involved in the lifestyle of those they are observing.

Non-Participant Observation

A research method where the researcher remains detached from the group being observed.

Triangulation

Combining multiple methods to check the validity of research findings.

Research Aim

The specific goal that the research seeks to achieve.

Hypothesis

A predictive statement that can be tested through research.

Sampling Frame

A complete list of the population from which a sample is drawn.

Systematic Sampling

A sampling method where every nth participant from the sampling frame is selected.

Stratified Random Sampling

A method where the population is divided into categories before selecting a representative sample.

Quota Sampling

A non-random sampling method where researchers seek a specific number of participants from various categories.

Focus Group Interviews

A qualitative method where a group discusses a topic, providing insights into collective opinions.

Informed Consent

The practice of ensuring participants are aware of and agree to the research being conducted.

Researcher Imposition

The tendency of researchers to impose their views, priorities, or biases onto the research.

Reflexivity

The practice of researchers critically reflecting on how their role may impact the research outcomes.