Circuits 2_Midterms

electrical pressure or potential difference (charge) that pushes through a conductor

Voltage

pathways for electric current flow

Electric Circuit

composed of components such as resistors, capacitors, diodes, etc.

Electric Circuits and Components

serves as the foundation for signal processing, control, and automation systems.

Electric Circuits and Components

the energy or work performed by an external source to move electrons in a conductor

Electromotive Force (emf)

is considered equivalent to voltage or potential difference

emf

voltage between 2 points and represents work needed to move a unit charge from b to a

emf

is the rate of flow of electric charge through a conductor

Current

charge is a fundamental property of atomic particlesE

Electric Charge

states that charge cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred.

Conservation of Charge

opposes the flow of electric current

Resistance

defines the relationship among voltage, current, and resistance

Ohm’s Law

voltage and current are directly proportional while resistance remains constant

Ohm’s Law

resistance and current are inversely proportional while voltage remains constant

Ohm’s Law

voltage is directly proportional to both current and resistance

Ohm’s Law

indicates how fast electrical energy converts into other forms.

Power (Rate of Doing Electrical Work)

higher power = more energy consumption per second

Power

measures total electrical work done or electricity consumed. Joules (J) or Watt-hour (Wh)

Energy (Total Electrical Work Over Time)

current flows in 1 direction; voltage remains constant over time; waveform is straight, constant line.

Direct Current (DC)

current changes direction periodically over time

Alternating Current (AC)

can generate energy (battery, operational amplifier, etc)

Active Elements

can’t generate but can consume or store it (resistors, capacitors, inductors)

Passive Elements

an ideal independent source that provides a specified voltage or current independent of other circuit elementsNe

Active Circuit Elements

is an interconnection of elements or devices

Network

is a network providing one or more closed paths for current flow

Circuit

is a fundamental study in electrical engineering that focuses on understanding how circuits respond during the transition period immediately following a change in input conditions—such as the opening or closing of a switch—before reaching a steady-state or stable operating condition.

Transient Analysis

the circuits behavior during the time interval when it adjusts to a change in input

Transient Response

the inherent behavior of the circuit independent of external sources

Natural Response

the behavior driven by external voltage or current sources

Forced Response

the final stable condition after transient effect have diminished

Steady State

dissipates energy

Resistor as Passive Component

stores energy via electric field; resists changes in voltage; charges and discharges in different directionsIn

Capacitors as Passive

stores energy via magnetic field; resists changes in current; usually coil-wound and less frequently used compared to resistors and capacitors

Inductors as Passive

RC, RL, RLC

Types of Circuits

contains resistors and capacitors; voltage changes across the capacitor

RC Circuit

contains resistors and capacitors; current changes through the inductor

RL Circuit

combines resistors, capacitors, and inductors; can exhibit complex transient responses, including oscillations, based on component values and damping.

RLC Circuit

filtering circuits, tube light chokes, multivibrators, signal processing, 5G communications, RF Amplifier

Applications of Circuits

instantaneous voltage drop; controls current and dissipates energy

Resistor

gradual voltage change; filters signals and stores energy temporarily

Capacitor

gradual current change; smooths current, stores energy magnetically

Inductor