AP HuG Unit 3 Vocab Quiz

128. Acculturation

The process of changes in culture that result from the meeting of two groups, each which retains distinct culture features. (Example: The Amish having a little bit of culture effected by living in the U.S but at its core they still have their own unique culture)

129. Assimilation

The process by which a group's cultural features are altered to resemble those of another more dominant group. (Example: Native American Children forced to go to boarding school to learn values and beliefs of Europeans/Americans)

130. Cultural Landscape

An approach to geography that emphasis the relationships among social and physical phenomena in a particular study area. (Example: Chinatown, while in NYC has Chinese architectural styles because of the high amount of Chinese people living there.)

131. Custom

The frequent repetition of an act, to the extent that it becomes a characteristic of the group of people preforming the act. (Example: Shaking hands after a business deal in developed countries)

132. Folk Culture

Culture traditionally practiced by a small, homogeneous, rural group living in relative isolation from other groups. (Example: The Amish)

133. Habit

A repetitive act performed by a particular individual. (Example: Eating 100 chocolate bars before brushing every single day)

134. Hearth

The region from which innovative ideas originate. (Example: If I found the cure to cancer in Newtown, the Hearth would be Newtown since that's where the innovative idea originated. If you want to be more specific you could say the exact place the cancer was cured.)

135. Maladaptation

An adaptation that does more harm than good. (Example: X-raying body parts a lot-more then often-since you're more likely to get cancer from the radiation you're exposed to.

136. Mentifact

The intangible aspect of culture, consisting of shared ideas, beliefs and values. (Examples: Language, Religion, their philosophy.)

137. Popular Culture

Culture found in a large, heterogenous society that shares certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics. (Example: Famous movies like Home Alone)

138. Sociofact

The social structure and organization of a culture. (Example: Families, governments, education.)

139. Taboo

A restriction on behavior imposed by social custom. (Example: Hindus not eating beef because cows are considered sacred)

140. Terroir

The contribution of a location's distinctive physical features to the way food tastes. (Example: Coffee beans from Ethiopia might have a different flavor from those in the mountains of Colombia because of difference in soil and altitude that they are grown.)

141. Trait

A single element of a culture that is passed down through generations. (Example: Specific language, religious practice, style of clothing)

142. Transculturalation

The mutual, two way blending of cultures that creates new cultural forms, where elements from both cultural groups are adopted and adapted by each other. (Example: The U.S culture blending with Mexico's culture)

143. Uniform Landscape

A region where spatial expression of a popular custom is consistent across the space. This leads to a homogenization of appearance and function (sameness). (Example: McDonalds appearing everywhere across our country in almost the exact same style.)

144. Vernacular Region

An area that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity. (Example: Silicon Valley in California. This is usually seen as the Tech sector of the U.S)

145. Creole

A language that results form the mixing of a colonizer's language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated. (Example: If I speak a language called Krush and you speak a language called Ferism and I get colonized by you, our languages would mix and a new language would form.)

146. Denglish

A combination of Deutsch (German) and English. (Example: There is none)

147. Developing Language

A language spoken in daily use with a literary tradition that is not widely distributed. (Example: Swahili since it's spoken daily but it isn't distributed that well.)

148. Dialect

A regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation. (Example: the Iraqi dialect of Arabic is different from the Egyptian dialect of Arabic.)

149. Ebonics

Dialect spoken by some African Americans. (Example: AAVE is known is Black English which is primarily spoken by Black Americans).

150. Ethnologue

Catalog of the world's languages that provides data on their characteristics, classification, and geographical distribution. (Example: Self explanatory)

151. Extinct language

A language that was once used by people in daily activities but is no longer used. (Example: Hebrew)

152. Institutional Language

A language used in education, work, mass media, and government. (Example: English is used in education, work, mass media, and the government throughout all of the U.S.)

153. Isogloss

A boundary that separates regions in which different language usages predominate. (Example: The line in America that separates the phrase "You guys" with the word "y'all".)

154. Isolated language

A language that is unrelated to any other languages and therefore not attached to any language family. (Example: Basque which is spoken in parts of France and Spain.)

155. Language

A system of communication through the use of speech, a collection of sounds understood by a group of people to have the same meaning. (Example: Hindi)

156. Language Branch

A collection of languages related through a common ancestor that can be confirmed through archaeological evidence. (Example: Germanic Branch is a subdivision of the larger Indo-European language family)

157. Language family

A collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history. (Example: Indo-European family includes major languages that originated in Europe and India.)

158. Language group

A collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary. (Example: West-Germanic Branch)

159. Lingua franca

A language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages. (Example: English, Hindi).

160. Literary tradition

A language that is written as well as spoken. (Example: English)

161. Logogram

A symbol that represents a word rather than a sound. (Example: The + symbol)

162. Official language

The language adopted for use by a government for the conduct of business and publication of documents. (Example: French and English are the official languages of Canada.)

163. Pidgin language

A form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca; used for communication among speakers of two different languages. (Example: Nigerian Pidgin is a English based pidgin.)

164. Received Pronunciation (RP)

The dialect of English associated with upper-class Britons living in London and now considered standard in the United Kingdom. (Example: a speaker might say "I'm a student at the University of London" while pronouncing "University" without an "r" sound at the end, and London with an "ah" sound.)

165. Standard Language

The form of language used for official government business, education, and mass communications. (Example: English)

166. Subdialect

A subdivision of dialect (Example: Fife subdialect of the Eastern Central North dialect of Scots)

167. Vigorous Language

A language that is spoken in daily use but that lacks a literary tradition (Example: Wu Chinese since it's not a written language)

168. Vulgar Latin

A form of Latin used in daily conversation by ancient Romans, as opposed to the standard dialect, which was used for official documents. (Example: Self Explanatory)

169. Agnosticism

The belief that the existence of God can't be proven empirically. (Example: There is none)

170. Animism

Belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life. (Example: You can kill a rock…)

171. Atheism

Belief that God does not exist. (Example: There is none)

172. Autonomous religion

A religion that does not have a central authority but shares ideas and cooperates informally. (Example: Some small folk religions)

173. Branch

A large and fundamental division within a religion. (Example: Protestant Christianity and Catholic Christianity.)

174. Caste

The class or distinct hereditary order into which a Hindu is assigned, according to religious law. (Example: none)

175. Congregation

A local assembly of persons brought together for common religious worship. (Example: Sunday Church)

176. Cosmogony

A set of religious beliefs concerning the origin of the universe. (Example: Bhrama in Hinduism.)

177. Denomination

A division of a branch that unites a number of local congregations into a single legal and administrative body. (Example: Baptists)

178. Ethnic Religion

A religion with a relatively concentrated spatial distribution whose principles are likely to be based on the physical characteristics of the particular location in which its adherents are concentrated. (Example: Hinduism)

179. Fundamentalism

Literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion ( or a religious branch, denomination, or congregation.) (Example: The bible in Christianity.)

180. Ghetto

During the middle Ages, a neighborhood in a city set up by law to be inhabited only by Jews; now used to denote a section of a city in which members of any minority group live because of social, legal, or economic pressure. (Example: None)

181. Hierarchical religion

A religion in which a central authority excersies a high degree of control. (Example: The Roman Catholic Church and the Pope)

182. Intrafaith Boundary

The boundaries within a major religion. (Example: Catholics and Protestants)

183. Interfaith Boundary

Boundaries between the world's major faiths. (Example: Border between Pakistan and India separating Hindus and Muslims)

184. Missionary

An individual who helps to diffuse a universalizing religion. (Example: Christian missionaries)

185. Monotheism

The doctrine or belief of the existence of only one god. (Example: Zoroastrians only believe in one god.)

186. Pagan

A follower of a polytheistic religion in ancient times. (Example: Romans believed in many gods)

187. Pilgrimage

A journey to a place considered sacred for religious purposes. (Example: Pilgrimage to Mecca)

188. Polytheism

Belief in or worship of more than one god. (Example: Hinduism)

189. Sect

A relatively small group that has broken away from an established denomination. (Example: The Nazarenes who broke away from Judaism.)

190. Secularism

The principal of separating religion from government and public life, where policies and ethics are based on reason and universal principals rather than religious doctrine. (Example: The U.S government's neutrality towards religion.)

191. Shamanism

Spiritual practice where a shaman acts as a mediator between the human and spirit worlds. (Example: Amazon rainforest indigenous people using this to understand their relationship with the forest.

192. Solstice

An astronomical event that happens twice each year, when the tilt of Earth's axis is most inclined toward or away from the Sun, causing the Sun's apparent position in the sky to reach it most northernmost or southernmost extreme, and resulting in the shortest and longest days of the year. (Example: There is none)

193. Syncretic

A religion that combines several traditions. (Example: Voodoo in Hati).

194. Theocracy

A system of government in which priests rule in the name of God or a god (Example: The Pope)

195. Universalizing religion

A religion that attempts to appeal to all people, not just those living in a particular location. (Example: Islam)

196. Apartheid

Laws (no longer in effect) in South Africa that physically separated different races into different geographic areas. (Examples: Separating whites into one area, blacks into another, and Asians into another.)

197. Balkanization

A process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities. (Example: Breakup of Yugoslavia)

198. Balkanized

A small geographic area that cannot successfully be organized into stable countries because it is inhabited by many ethnicities with complex, long-standing antagonisms toward each other. (Example: Breakup of Yugoslavia)

199. Blockbusting

A process by which real estate agents convince white property owners to sell their houses at low prices because of fear that persons of color will soon move into the neighborhood. (Example: Self explanatory).

200. Centripetal force

An attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state. (Example: Common religion, language, nationality, etc.)

201. Ethnic cleansing

A purposeful policy designed by one ethnic or religious group to remove by violent and terror-inspiring means the civilian population of another ethnic or religious group from certain geographic areas. (Example: Hitler trying to kill all Jews from every single corner of Earth.)

202. Ethnicity

Identity with a group of people that share distinct physical and mental traits as a product of common heredity and cultural traditions. (Example: Hispanic, Arab)

203. Ethnocentrism

Belief in the superiority of one's nation or ethnic group. (Example: Someone thinking their country is best.)

204. Ethnic Enclave

A place with a high concentration of an ethnic group that is distinct from those in the surrounding area. (Example: Chinatown in New York City.)

205. Genocide

The mass killing of a group of people in an attempt to eliminate the entire group from existence. (Example: The Holocaust.)

206. Nationalism

Loyalty and devotion to a particular nation (Example: Americans loving America.)

207. Nationality

identity with a group of people who share legal attachment to a particular country. (Example: Being the Citizen of the U.S)

208. Race

Identify with a group of people who are perceived to share a physiological trait, such as skin color. (Example: Blacks, Whites)

209. Racism

Belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that racial differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular race. (Example: None)

210. Sharecropper

A person who works fields rented from a landowner and pays the rent and repays loans by turning over to the landowner a share of the crops. (Example: There is none)

211. Triangular slave trade

A practice, primarily during the eighteenth century, in which European ships transported slaves from Africa to Caribbean islands, molasses from the Caribbean to Europe, and trade goods from Europe to Africa. (Example: NONE AND IM DONEEEEEEEEEE)