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Copernicus
Introduced the heliocentric model of the universe.
Tycho Brahe
Made precise planetary observations.
Johannes Kepler
Defined laws of planetary motion.
Galileo Galilei
Improved the telescope, supported heliocentrism.
Isaac Newton
Formulated laws of motion and gravity.
Andreas Vesalius
Pioneered human dissections.
William Harvey
Discovered blood circulation.
Francis Bacon
Advocated the scientific method.
René Descartes
Famous for "I think, therefore I am."
John Locke
Championed natural rights and social contract.
Thomas Hobbes
Argued for absolute monarchy and social contract.
Adam Smith
Authored "Wealth of Nations," promoted free markets.
Margaret Cavendish
Early feminist and gender equality critic.
Baron d’Montesquieu
Proposed separation of powers.
Voltaire
Advocate of free speech and religious tolerance.
Denis Diderot
Edited the "Encyclopedia," encouraged critical thinking.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Emphasized social contract and direct democracy.
David Hume
Known for empiricism and skepticism.
Mary Wollstonecraft
Early feminist and women's rights advocate.
Edward Gibbon
Wrote "Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire."
Michel de Montaigne
Popularized the essay as a literary form.
Blaise Pascal
Known for "Pascal's Wager."
Baruch Spinoza
Rationalist philosopher, questioned religious beliefs.
Samuel Richardson
Novelist, author of early novel "Pamela."
Enlightened Despot
Ruler who blended Enlightenment ideas with absolute authority.
