w . geo sub Saharan

Secede

South Sudan breaking away from Sudan in 2011

Blood Diamonds

Diamonds in Sierra Leone used to fund wars

Kimberley Process

System created to stop trade of conflict diamonds

Transition Zone

Sahel region where land changes from desert to tropical

Poverty

Extreme lack of money/resources (ex: rural Ethiopia)

Transition Zone

Area where land changes climates (ex: Sahel between desert and tropical)

Pandemic

Widespread disease (ex: HIV/AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa)

Decolonization

Gaining independence from a colonizer (ex: Nigeria 1960)

Child Labor

Children working due to poverty (ex: cocoa farms in Ghana)

Faults

Breaks in Earth’s crust (ex: East African Rift Valley)

Famine

Extreme shortage of food (ex: Somalia 2011 famine)

Overgrazing

Too many animals damaging land (ex: cattle in Sahel)

Secede

To break away (ex: South Sudan from Sudan in 2011)

Janjaweed

Militia group in Sudan involved in Darfur conflict

Desertification

Fertile land turning into desert (ex: Sahel region)

Segregation Laws

Laws separating races (ex: South Africa apartheid)

Blood Diamond

Diamonds sold to fund wars (ex: Sierra Leone)

Imperialism

One country controlling another (ex: Europe in Africa)

Hutus & Tutsis

Ethnic groups in Rwanda genocide

Great Rift Valley

Large crack in East Africa from tectonic movement

Sahel

Semi-arid region south of Sahara with farming challenges

Apartheid

System of racial segregation in South Africa

Darfur

Region in Sudan with genocide/conflict

Nelson Mandela

Fought apartheid, became first Black president of South Africa

Deforestation

Cutting down trees (ex: Congo Basin)

Great Green Wall

Project planting trees to stop desertification in Sahel

Berlin Conference

Meeting dividing Africa among European powers (1884–85)

Genocide

Deliberate killing of a group (ex: Rwanda 1994)

Colonization

Settling and ruling another land (ex: Britain in Kenya)

Nationalism

Desire for independence

Kimberley Process

System to prevent conflict diamond trade

3 Causes of Desertification

Overgrazing, deforestation, drought/climate change

Conflict Diamonds Flow Chart

Diamonds → sold → money funds wars → violence/conflict → Kimberley Process tries to stop it

How did imperialism cause ethnic conflict?

Europeans drew borders ignoring ethnic groups → forced rivals together → conflict after independence

Bantu Migration

Movement of people spreading language, farming, iron tools across Africa

Physical features affecting Bantu Migration

Rivers, deserts, mountains, climate

Examples of Apartheid (Legal)

Laws separating races (schools, marriage)

Examples of Apartheid (Political)

Black citizens could not vote

Examples of Apartheid (Economic)

Limited job opportunities for non-white citizens

Largest group in Rwanda

Hutus

Shape of Rwanda population pyramid (2016)

Wide base (rapid growth)

What does wide pyramid mean?

High birth rate, young population, fast growth

Why missing ages 20–29 in Rwanda?

Rwandan Genocide deaths

Impacts of Imperialism (Economic)

Resources taken, little local benefit

Impacts of Imperialism (Social)

Ethnic conflict, cultural loss

Impacts of Imperialism (Political)

Unstable governments, artificial borders

Impacts of Imperialism (Environmental)

Resource exploitation, land damage

Which country has lowest HDI?

Rwanda or Ethiopia (low GDP, low life expectancy, low literacy)

Which country has highest HDI?

South Africa (higher GDP, literacy, life expectancy)

Rwanda Genocide (summary)

1994, Hutus killed Tutsis, caused by ethnic tension + colonial history

Darfur Genocide (summary)

2000s, Sudanese gov/Janjaweed attacked civilians over ethnic/resource conflict

Similarity between genocides

Both involved ethnic conflict and mass killings

Difference between genocides

Rwanda was rapid (100 days), Darfur longer ongoing

Diseases in Africa

Malaria, Ebola, HIV/AIDS

Effects of diseases

Lower life expectancy, economic struggles

Child Labor cause

Poverty forces kids to work

Child Labor effect

Less education, continued poverty

Modernization

Process of becoming more developed (industry, technology)

Modernization positive effects

Jobs, better healthcare, higher income

Modernization negative effects

Pollution, loss of culture, overcrowding

Non-navigable rivers impact

Hard to transport goods → limits trade and development

Piracy impact on Africa

Disrupts trade, increases shipping costs, unsafe waters

Who produces most chocolate?

West Africa (Ivory Coast & Ghana)

Africa GDP trend

Growing faster compared to other developing regions

Great Green Wall importance

Stops desertification, protects farmland, supports food supply

Where is Islam in Africa?

North Africa

Where is Christianity in Africa

Southern Africa

Where is Animism in Africa

Central/rural regions

Modernization passage question (1)

Identify modernization when countries industrialize and people move to cities

Modernization passage positive example

More jobs, improved economy

Modernization passage negative example

Pollution, inequality, loss of tradition

Modernization passage (inequality)

Urban areas improve while rural areas stay poor

Modernization + HDI

Improves overall development but may be uneven

Economic imperialism example

Foreign companies take resources, profits leave country

Why are non-navigable rivers a problem?

They prevent easy transportation and trade

Why is the Sahel important?

Major food-producing region at risk of desertification