etruscans final

when was rome founded and by who?

in 754/3 BCE when the first king Romulus who was rescued with his brother by a she wolf traced a furrow in the earth to mark the boundaries of the city.

how many kings did rome have?

7

what is the other legend of the founding of rome?

the founding by aeneas the demigod who landed in italy and founded the dynasty from which romulus came. this is the version preferred by roman emperors because they think of themselves as being nominally descended from ancient heroes

what is the aeneid?

the national epic of the roman empire, a verse by virgil in it describes the story of aeneas

what do archaelogical findings say about the age of rome?

traces of settlements were found on the palatine hill dating back to 750 BCE, confirming the origin date of 753BCE, the “ab urbe condita”

what was the 6th king, servius tullius known for?

reorganization of citizenry the census system

what are the years of the roman republic?

509-27 BCE

what was the struggle of orders?

this was the internal conflict between plebeians (a political grouping appearing in 494/3 BCE, common people at the end of the republic), and patricians (the nobility providing senators, wealthy people with land ownership)

what is the consulship? what did it mark the start of?

the consular office or consulship was the move from a sacred royalty to a power exercised by magistrates appointed for a limited period of time. this was the main and undisputed historical event of the beginning of the roman republic

what did the aristocratic republic consist of?

magistrates that ran the state administration, assemblies of the people that exercised power in the election of magistrates and by voting on laws

what were the magistrates elected by the people’s assemblies?

consuls, censors, praetors, aediles, tribunes, quaestors

what occurred in 494 BCE with the first secession?

the plebeians withdrew to the sacred mount to protest heavy debts and the lack of representation in the republican system. as a result the office of the tribunate of the people was created and a slightly more equal distribution of public land

what were the assemblies?

composed of all males who were full roman citizens, had to attend in person to vote. votes counted in groups and were determined by vote of the majority.

what conflict occurred between 444 and 290 BCE in the italian peninsula?

conflicts with latium, etruscans, gaulish invaders, campania

what occurred in campania (samnite wars)?

between 380-201 BCE rome turned its attention to campania, and after three samnite wars rome’s territory extended from the tyrrhenian sea to the adriatic. helped establish rome as supreme power in italy

what did the roman army look like during the 4th c. BCE?

it was a national civic army and a duty of the citizens. no mercenaries unlike the Greek armies. it was made up of 4 legions raised only for the campaign period

where were the greek colonies during the roman republic?

in southern italy and sicily (magna graecia)

what happened in the year 281 with Pyrrhus?

the king of epirus, Pyrrhus, was contacted by the italian city state of tarentum. in 280 pyrhuss fought the romans in heraclea and won with elephants. he then marched to sicily and failed, reembarked for italy in 275, then to epirus, and in 272 he was killed.

why was this war with pyrrhus and the capture of tarentum (273-272) significant?

the war brought rome face to face with carthage, the punic wars were only a matter of time

what were the punic wars (264-146 BCE)?

a hundred years of intermittent conflict with the north african city of carthage. saw rome with her first overseas posessions after three wars against carthage.

what is the history of carthage?

it was originally a colony of phoenicia, hence the latin name for a carthaginian (poenus) which comes from “punic”. carthage was founded in 814 BCE and their language was semitic

what occurred during the second punic war (218-201 BCE)?

carthage increased its empire in the whole of southern spain. the river ebro was the boundary between the interests of the roman and carthaginian. hannibal began the second punic war by attacking and capturing sagantum, and marching his army and elephants out of spain, through the alps, and down into italy

how was hannibal defeated in the second punic war?

the deadlock was broken when publius cornelius scipio gathered a large army and landed in africa in 204. in 201 he defeated hannibal in his homeland at the battle of zama

what did rome emerge from the punic wars as?

the greatest power in the whole of the mediterranean

who were the gracchus brothers?

tiberius gracchus attempted to organize a fairer distribution of land. his brother gaius tried to integrate the people of italy into the roman state. both, despite being tribunes of the people, were murdered by senators. thus began a century of political violence

who was gaius marius (157-86 BCE)?

not from rome nor a patrician, he was elected consul 7 times and married into the fmaily of julius caesar. he reformed the army in 107 BCE to have a new recruitment method of volunteers

what could army volunteers do?

these were usually landless people who were paid, shared booty, and received an allocation of land after service.

who were the three men that rose to power during the end of the republic?

crassus (wealthy), pompey (military), and caesar (military/politics). all three were stabbed to death

what did pompey, crassus, and caesar form?

the first triumvirate. they took advantage of caesar’s 59 BCE consul election and formed a political alliance to benefit each of them

what war did julius caesar pursue from 59-50 BCE?

his governorship of the provinces of Gaul was extended for a second term and he spent nine years campaigning in the gallic wars. cisalpine gaul to the south of the alps and east of appennines and transalpine gaul was the other province he controlled,

when and how was julius caesar killed?

he was stabbed my marcus junius brutus and amny ardent republicans on the ides of march in 44 BCE

who followed julius caesar?

caesar’s adopted son and chosen heir octavian. he assumed the constitutional right to greater imperium which included the right to command an army, carry out the law, pass judgements on death.

when did the second triumvirate exist?

for two five year terms, from 43 BCE-33. it was octavian, antony, and lepidus. the adoption of the lex titia at this point marked the end of the roman republic

what occurred during the battle of actium in 31 BCE?

lepidus had died i think and octavian launched a campaign against mark antony who had recieved control over roman territories to the east. octavian defeated antony and cleopatra at the naval battle of actium on the coast of greece.

what were octavians special powers?

he was sole imperium over the city of rome with permanent consular powers. in 27 BCE he was granted the use of the names augustus and princeps. he also adopted the title imperator caesar, making him the first roman emperor.

what was the most important group of the governing class within the roman empire?

the senate, politically and socially

how did augustus divide rome?

he divided rome into 14 regions, and each region into several smaller divisions with magistrates under the command of a city prefect. italy was also divided into regions

how large was the roman empire under augustus’ reign?

it was bound on the north by the euxine, danube, rhine, british channel. to the west it went to the atlantic and to the south the deserts of africa. on the east it reached mesopotamia. the mediterranean sea was wholly in the empire.

how were provinces governed during the roman empire?

by proconsuls appointed by the senate and observed by the emperor

how did augustus transform the military?

it changed from a volunteer army into a standing professional army. rome and the provinces became a police state due to large military presence

what was this age of augustus known for?

for peace, but it could be just because it was a police state

why was augustus’ reign the golden age of roman culture?

augustus patronized arts unlike other roman leaders before him. virgil wrote the aeneid about the hero of troy

what was the ara pacis?

it was an altar built to commemorate the peace augustus brought to the roman empire. it was consecrated in 13BCE and dedicated in 9 BCE and was part of the hrologium augusti, a big sun dial on the ground

who were the julio claudians?

for the 54 years following the rule of caesar and then augustus was the julio claudian dynasty: augustus (to start), tiberius, caligula, claudius, nero

who was tiberius (14-37 CE)?

he was the son of Livia who had married augustus. augustus chose him as his successor but only as his fourth choice

who was caligula (37-41 CE)

he was son of germanicus and agrippina. he was assassinated in 41 and succeeded by caligula by the suggestion of the commander of the imperial guard. caligula (gaius) got his name caligula meaning “little soldier’s boot” from his father’s soldiers

what was caligula (37-41 CE) known for?

he was very popular with the roman public but an insane tylant. cruel, sexual pervert, extravagant. appointed his favorite horse as consul

who is claudius (41-54 CE)?

apart from augustus considered the best. created a professional bureaucracy and had first successful full scale invasion of britain in 43 CE

how many times did claudius marry and who was his last marriage to?

he married four times, last to agrippina who had her son nero. she persuaded claudius to adopt nero and then poisoned claudius

who was nero (54-68 CE)?

not a good emperor. in 64 CE fire ravaged rome for six days and an unauthenticated report said he sang and played his lyre while the city burned, then built his golden palace on the damaged land

who was vespasian, the emperor after nero (69-79 CE)?

he was the first emperor of the flavians and introduced 10 years of stability and sensible government. he led the conquest of judaea.

who were vespasian’s sons?

titus and domitian. titus took jerusalem and concluded the jewish war in the year 70. he was made vespasian’s associate and commander of imperial guard, securing his short time as emperor

what was titus’ reign like (79-81 CE)?

very short, vesuvius erupted and he opened the colosseum

what is the colosseum?

originally called the flavian amphitheatre, largest ever theatre built in the roman empire

how did titus respond to vesuvius erupting?

when vesuvius erupted in 79 CE some suggested this was divine retribution on titus for his destruction of jerusalem. titus announced a state of emergency and set up a relief fund.

what was made to memorialize titus and his conquest of jerusalem (70 CE)?

the arch of titus. on the inside are two bas-reliefs, one of the emperor on his chariot and one of the procession of the jewish prisoners carrying a seven-branched candelabrum

who followed the flavians, emperors from 96-180?

the five good emperors followed the extinction of the julio-claudian and flavian dynasties. this term was coined by niccolo machiavelli in 1503, who said good government was to be established by adoption rather than given the throne by birth.

what are the names of the five good emperors (96-180)?

nerva, trajan, hadrian, antoninus pius, marcus aurelius. sometimes called the nerva-antonine dynasty. each emperor hand-picked their successor and this was a period of stability and advancement