General principles of neuroanatomy

ANHB2217

Ipsilateral

Contralateral

Afferent

Efferent

Tract/column

Decussation

Ramus/rami plural

Ipsilateral – same side of the body

Contralateral – opposite side of the body

Afferent – inward or towards (the brain)

Efferent – outward or away from (the brain)

Funiculus=fasciculus=lemniscus (bundle) (refer to white matter tracts)

Chiasm (X shaped structure)

Branch

Central nervous system CNS

BS, contained within what

Brain -cortex, cerebellum and brainstem

Spinal cord

Contained within the skull and vertebral column

Peripheral nervous systems PNS

CBS

Cranial, spinal and peripheral nerves

Brachial, lumbar plexus, peripheral ganglia

Somatic, autonomic and enteric divisions

Lobes of the cerebral hemispheres

FPOT IC

Frontal

Parietal

Occipital

Temporal

Insula

Cingulate

Frontal lobe

HMLH

Higher processing, memory, language, houses primary motor cortex for motor control

Parietal lobe

SPI

Houses somatosensory cortex which receives all sensory info, involved in sensory perception and integration

Occipital lobe

VSOM

Visual input, visual spatial processing, object recognition, memory

Temporal lobe

LALVE

Location of temporal bones, auditory processing, language, visual memory, emotion

Insula

RA(PS)

Risk reward behaviors, autonomic functions eg regulation of parasympathetic nervous system and sympathetic nervous system

Cingulate

L

Involved in limbic systems so emotional response to things

Gyri and Sulci definition

A bump or bulge on the cerebrum

A depression or groove in the cerebrum

Longitudinal fissure

Separates left and right hemispheres

Broca’s area- Function, located where and made up of what 2 things

Premotor- function

Primary motor- function

Primary somatosensory- function

Auditory cortex- function

Wernicke’s area- function, found where

Primary visual cortex- function

Speech production and articulation, Found left side of the brain, Made up of pars traingularis and pars opercularis

Planning and organization of movements

Initiation of movement

Recieving and directing all sensory input

Hearing and hearing processing

Speech comprehension and language, left side of brain

Vision

Identify the 7 main functional areas of the brain

Identify the Gyri in the brain

Identify the sulci in the brain

What are the 6 layers of the cerebral cortex, cell types of each layer

which cortex doesn’t have all layers

1.Molecular layer- horizontal cells

2.External granule cell layer- cellate cells/star shape

3.Externa pyramidal cell layer- Pyramidal cells

4.Internal granule cell layer-Cellate cells

5.Internal pyramidal layer-pyramidal cells

6.Multiform layer- fusiform layer

Olfactory cortex doesn’t have 6 layers

How can neurons be classified

The number of processes that come off the cell body and or the general neuronal shape eg pyramidal and Purkinje cell

The 3 neuron structures

unipolar ,bipolar, pseudo-unipolar

Draw the structures

Unipolar cell- one process extending out of the cell body

Bipolar cell- 2 process extending out of cell body

Pseudo-unipolar cell- one process extending but axon splits into 2

Glial cells of CNS

OAMER and their roles

Oligodendrocytes- major myelinating cells for faster axonal conduction

Astrocytes- support cells, maintain blood brain barrier and prevents things crossing in blood from external body for brain and spinal cord

Microglia- immune cells, invoke immune response and cell maintenance and survival

Ependymal cells- CSF production

Radial glia- guiding neurons in developing brain and nervous system, immune response, produce more neurons or more glial cells

Glial cells of PNS

NSE and their roles

Neurolemmocytes- myelinating cells for faster axon conduction (Schwann cells)

Satellite cells- immune cells

Enteric glia cells- associated with enteric neurons in gastrointestinal and digestive system, involved in gut tissue homeostasis

Grey matter

CSBC

Cell bodies, soma

Surface of the cerebral hemisphere

Brainstem nuclei

Center of the spinal cord

White matter

CCI

Cell processes, axons (myelinated)

Corpus callosum

Internal capsule

In the spinal cord what is the orientation of the white and grey matter

White on out and grey on inside

Neural pathways are formed by what

Formed by axons synapsing onto neurons in another location enabling a signal to be sent from one region of the nervous system to another

How are neurons connected

A single axon or a bundle of axons known as a nerve tract or fasciculus

Ascending afferent sensory pathway

SST

Draw out the pathway

Stimulus receptor cel to spinal cord/brainstem (1st order neuron)

Spinal cord/brainstem to thalamus (2nd order neuron)

Thalamus to cortex (3rd order neuron)

Descending efferent motor pathway

MS

Draw out the pathway

Motor cortex to the spinal cord (upper motor neuron)

Spinal cord to limb (lower motor neuron)