Psych Final Exam - Martin Bright

23%

What % of American adults have a diagnosable mental disorder in any given year?

51%

What % of American adults receive treatment for a diagnosable mental disorder in any given year?

Anxiety and Mood disorders

What are the most common mental disorders?

40%

What % of American adults meet the criteria for 2 or more mental disorders (Comorbidity)?

Comorbidity

The simultaneous presence in a person of two or more mental disorders.

Psychopathology

The study of mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders. Abnormal behavior deviates significantly from the norm.

1. Not culturally or situationally expected

2. Maladaptive:

-Causes significant disruption, or distress

A mental disorder is...

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

What does the DSM stand for?

Substance

__________________ use is highly comorbid between mental disorders

At least 5 symptoms for a minimum of 2 weeks

What are the requirements for a mental disorder to qualify for the DSM?

Biological or Psychosocial factors

Mental disorders can be caused by...

Schizophrenia

A Chronic Serious Mental Illness, disordered cognitions or behaviors. Disordered thinking. Selective attention problems due to impaired sensory filters.

Catatonia

A disorder marked by stupor, rigidity, unresponsiveness, posturing, mutism, and sometimes agitated, purposeless behavior.

1. Disturbed Thinking

2. Disturbed Perception

3. Disturbed Emotions

4. Disturbed Behavior

What are some symptoms of Schizophrenia?

Delusions

Firmly held false belief of grandeur, persecution (most common), erotic, influence, etc.

Hallucinations

Imagined sensations, the most common type is auditory.

Stress Vulnerability Model

Environmental + Genetic Causes =

Overactivity in the Dopamine systems

Schizophrenia can also be caused by...

Reduces brain tissue and reduces activity in the frontal lobes.

In the brain, Schizophrenia...

Depression

Extreme, prolonged sadness/hopelessness; loss of energy and interest; disturbed sleeping/eating patterns.

2 times

Depression occurs or is ______________ more likely in females due to Postpartum depression, psychosocial abuse, single parenting.

postpartum depression

A mild to moderately severe depression that begins within three months following childbirth.

Men who are American/Indian or White and are single with a Mental Health disorder

Suicide is most common in __________

Seasonal Affectiveness Disorder

More common in fall months and in the north; phototherapy regulates circadian rhythms and melatonin.

Bipolar Disorder

Mood swings between depression and mania. Abnormally upbeat or wired, poor decision making.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder.

You have been extremely anxious or worried for 6 months. 3 or more symptoms for longer than 6 months.

Specific Phobia

Excessive, irrational of (usually 2 +) something (s). 2:1 Female to Male ratio. Most common in animals. 8.7% annual prevalence.

Panic Disorder

Sudden physiological distress with no identifiable trigger (with or without agoraphobia).

Agoraphobia

You fear that something extremely embarrassing will happen if you leave home (but you don't have panic attacks).

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

You re-experience a traumatic event in your mind over and over.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

Re-occurrent disturbing thoughts compel you to engage in an activity repeatedly in hopes of decreasing anxiety; hoarding.

Dissociative Identity Disorder

One person possesses 2 or more distinct personalities; rare.

Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD)

Lack of empathy, a conscience, manipulative. Unusual remorselessness, lack of empathy, or disregard for social convention.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

A behavioral problem characterized by short attention span, restless movement, and impaired learning capacity.

men

ADHD, APD, and AUD are more common in ________

Borderline Personality Disorder

Affective instability, turbulent relationships; more common in women. Your self-image, moods, and impulses are erratic, and you are extremely sensitive to any hint of criticism, rejection, or abandonment by others.

Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD)

A condition characterized by a pattern of excessive alcohol consumption leading to impairment of physical or mental health or of social or occupational functioning.

Trepanning

A type of therapy where any surgical procedure in which a hole is bored in the skull.

Demonology

Type of therapy that attributed mental disturbance to demonic possession and prescribed exorcism as the cure.

Asylums

An institution for the mentally ill

Psychoanalysis

Freudian approach to psychotherapy emphasizing exploration of the unconscious using free association, dream interpretation, resistances, and transference to uncover unconscious conflicts.

Free Association

The psychoanalytic technique of encouraging a patient to say whatever comes to mind without censoring.

Dream Analysis

Dream symbols reveal unconscious messages

Transference

The tendency of patients to transfer to a therapist feelings that correspond to those the patient had for important persons in his or her past.

High Cost

Due to frequent and lengthy therapy has given way to brief psychodynamic therapy.

Behavior Therapy

Uses learning principles to change behavior.

Aversion Therapy

Uses classical conditioning to link a bad habit with discomfort.

Systematic Desensitization

Rank order a list of fears, relax, and work through the hierarchy; based on reciprocal inhibition (you can't be both anxious and relaxed); may use virtual reality exposure on vicarious desensitization.

Non-reward--> Extinction

Identify and remove whatever is reinforcing the unwanted behavior.

Reward

_______________ target behaviors with tokens to be redeemed later for prizes/privileges.

Client Centered (Rogers)

Therapist provides safe, non-directive atmosphere for client's personal growth.

1. Unconditional Positive Regard

2. Genuine Empathy

3. Paraphrase/Reflect

What does the Client Centered Humanistic Therapy emphasize?

Existential Therapy

An insight therapy that focuses on the elemental problems of existence, such as death, meaning, choice, and responsibility; emphasizes making courageous life choices.

Cognitive Therapies

Seek to change faculty/distorted thinking

(Beck) Depressed persons

________________________ are taught to recognize, test, and reject overgeneralizations (believing one event applies to all) and all or nothing thinking.

Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (Ellis)

Identifies and challenges irrational belief. Type of treatment designed to identify and change self-defeating thoughts.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

Identifies/Corrects maladaptive cognitions and trains clients to engage in new behaviors.

Group Therapy

Cost-effective; role playing/psychodrama; supportive. Psychological treatment involving several unrelated clients.

Pharmacotherapy

Do a risk to benefit analysis; a combination of meds and therapy is the best.

Antipsychotics

Relieve hallucinations and delusions by blocking the action of dopamine.

Tardive Psykinesia

A neurological disorder causing involuntary, repetitive body movements (like grimacing, lip-smacking, tongue protrusion, blinking, or rocking) due to long-term use of dopamine-blocking drugs, primarily antipsychotics

SSRIs (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors)

A common type of antidepressant medication that work by increasing the brain's serotonin levels, improving mood and emotional regulation, and are used to treat depression, anxiety, OCD, panic disorders, and PTSD by blocking the reabsorption of serotonin in neurons, making more available in the synapse

(TMS) Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

A non-invasive procedure that uses magnetic pulses to stimulate nerve cells in specific brain regions. It is primarily used as a treatment for conditions like treatment-resistant depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) when other methods have been unsuccessful.

Lobotomy

A controversial, largely obsolete brain surgery that severs nerve pathways in the frontal lobes to treat severe mental illness

Psychosurgery

Brain surgery to treat severe mental illnesses like depression, OCD, or anxiety, typically targeting specific brain circuits, historically through destructive lesions

1. Comparing to and striving to be more like your reference group

2. Reconciling cognitive dissonance (clashing attitudes, behaviors)

3. Persuasion from others who are likeable, trustworthy, credible, and appear to have nothing to gain (especially if the message provokes emotion and is repeated).

Attitude change can result from:

Proxemics and Culture

____________ and ___________ govern how close is comfortable for interactions.

Social Loafing

Being part of a group reduces individual effort, also known as...

Proxemics

The study of how people use and perceive physical space during social interactions, revealing cultural norms, relationship closeness, power dynamics, and emotional states through interpersonal distances

Conformity

_______________________ (to social norms) is more likely in those with a desire for structure, belonging, approval, and the fear of group sanctions; and may lead to groupthink (emphasis on loyalty to group squelches objections to bad ideas).

Women

_________________ are more likely to conform.

Obedience

Complying with command from authority

Milgram Experiment

Participants, as the "teacher," were told to administer increasingly strong electric shocks to a "learner" (an actor) for wrong answers, discovering that a significant majority (65%) would deliver the maximum 450-volt shock despite the learner's fake screams, revealing the powerful influence of authority on destructive behavior.

Brainwashing

A coercive attitude change involving: environmental control, isolation, manipulation/abuse, and attitude change.

1. Foot in the door technique

2. Love Bombing

3. Isolation; sever connections with friends and family

Cults may use:

True

Childhood attachment affects adulthood relationships. True or False?

65%

What % of childhood attachment affects adulthood relationships in Secure attachment, where relationships are longer and trusting.

25%

What % of childhood attachment affects adulthood relationships in Avoidant attachment, where there is a lack of commitment and there is more skepticism.

10%

What % of childhood attachment affects adulthood relationships in Ambivalent attachment, where there is anxiousness, jealousy, up and down behaviors, Borderline Personality Disorder.

1. Familiarity/Similarity

2. Proximity

3. Physical Attractiveness

4. Halo Effect

5. Reciprocal of self-disclosure

6. Good listener

What are some factors that affect Attraction?

Youth, Beauty, Procreation

In the process of Mate Selection, Men seek...

Maturity, Money, Stability

In the process of Mate Selection, Women seek...

Heightened, empathetic arousal

You notice an event + Interpret it as an emergency + Feel responsible to act due to a....

Bystander Effect

(Calm) others, diffuse responsibility, minimize helping. The unwillingness of witnesses to offer help during emergencies or to become involved in others' problems.

1. Seeing others help

2. Having the time

3. Helped in the past

4. Agreeableness

5. Empathy

What are some factors involved in the Bystander Effect?

Men

If it is a daring rescue or dangerous situation, _____________ are more likely to help.

women

If it is a situation that involves relational or emotional distress, _____________ are more likely to help.

1. Younger Males, lacking in prosocial behaviors

2. Abusive/Violent family of origin, culture (social learning theory)

3. Frustration --> Aggression (hypothesis)

4. (Multiple) aversive stimuli

What types of people will Aggress and why?

Social Learning Theory

A theory that combines learning principles with cognitive processes, socialization, and modeling, to explain behavior, including personality.

Industrial Organizational Psychologists

Seek to enhance workplace culture and workers.

1. Good person job fit:

-Job analysis, vocational interest tests, structural interviewing

2. Job Satisfaction:

-Flex time/place, sincere gratitude, intrinsic motivation, shared decision making, 360 degree feedback

3. Theory Y --> Transformational Leadership

What do Industrial Organizational Psychologists emphasize?

Theory Y

Views workers as self-motivated, seeking responsibility, and thriving with autonomy, promoting participatory management. Fosters empowerment, trust, and shared goals, aligning personal and organizational objectives.

1. Inspirational Motivation

2. Idealized Influence

3. Individual Consideration

4. Intellectual Stimulation

What are the 4 Behaviors of Transformational Leadership?

Environmental Psychology

The formal study of how social and physical environments affect behavior.

1. Crowding +Noise + Attentional overloading = Social Numbing

2. People enter social dilemmas (individual, immediate needs replace community, Long-Term needs

What does Environmental Psychology entail?

Forensic Psychology

Influences behavior (jury, witnesses, etc.) in law enforcement.

Sports Psychology

Seeks to enhance mental, emotional, physical performance in competition (flow experience --> peak performance).