Dennis Miller Psych 1000 Final Exam

Observable behavior only

Behaviorists, like John B. Watson believed that psychology must study _____ in order to be scientific.

Unusually important

A delusion of grandeur is an unjustified belief that one is...

Negative

A psychologist observed that as a household income increases, tobacco use decreases. This reflects a ____ correlation.

Performance on the memory test

A cognitive psychologist studies the effects of coconut oil on memory function. Elderly people with an early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease are randomly assigned to eat a) zero teaspoons b) two teaspoons, or c) four teaspoons of coconut oil per day. All are then asked to take a 20-question memory test. Some participants live alone, and some are married. Which is the dependent variable?

Support for a political candidate causes people to be intelligent and being intelligent causes people to have support for a political candidate.

If the correlation between intelligence and degree of support for a political candidate is +1.0, then we can say...

tangles

Alzheimer's disease is characterized by ___, the buildup of tau protein inside neurons.

autonomic; somatic

The peripheral nervous system is made up of the ___ nervous system, which controls the organs, and the ___ nervous system, which controls muscles.

sympathetic

An athlete has been running on the track at the gym. He notices his heart rate increases, as does his breathing. This autonomic increase from his normal state is due to the activity of the ___ system.

frontal lobe

After damage to the cerebral cortex, Joshua has an impairment in planning and organizing behavior. Where is the damage probably located?

dendrites

What are the branchlike appendages that detect chemical signals from other neurons?

increases as the action potential travels down an axon.

The strength of an action potential... *****

It moves from -70mV to -72 mV

Which is the best example of a neuron's membrane becoming hyperpolarized?

Phenotype

Physical or behavioral characteristics actually expressed.

The signal causes the vesicles to release neurotransmitters

What happens when the action potential reaches the terminal button? *****

The positive symptoms of schizophrenia are due to excessive dopamine.

According to the dopamine dysregulation hypothesis of schizophrenia....

Muscles are paralyzed, the mind produces dreams, and there is desynchronous neural activity, especially in the occipital lobe.

Which best describes REM sleep?

Circadian rhythms

The biological clocks that control hormone levels, temperature, and the sleep cycle.

Split-brain

A condition that occurs when the corpus calossum is surgically cut and the two hemispheres of the brain do not receive information directly from each other.

Sensation; perception

___ is the body's detection of external or internal sensory stimuli, whereas ___ is its further processing, organizing, and interpreting those stimuli.

False alarm

A guy is taking a hearing test. The nurse does not present a tone, but Dillon says, "I hear it". This is a ___.

Fovea

The part of the retina that has the best color vision.

Cochlea

Sound waves are carried through the ear by three tiny bones to this fluid-filled, snail-shaped structure.

Sensitization

A guy experiences moderate back pain from compressed vertebrae; however, when he is stressed at work, his back pain is very intense. What type of learning is represented by this behavior?

unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response

A puff of air to the eye causes blinking. In an experiment on classical conditioning, a tone is followed by a puff of air to the eyes. After several repetitions, subjects blink their eyes when they hear the tone. In this experiment, the puff of air is the ___ and blinking following the puff is the ___.

salivation after the sound

In Pavlov's experiments, he paired a sound with the presentation of food and measured salivation to each. In this experiment, the conditioned response was...

Repeatedly present the unconditioned stimulus alone, without the conditioned stimulus.

After classically conditioning some response, how might one produce extinction of the response?

increase; decrease

Reinforcement is to punishment as ___ is to ___

positive reinforcement with a secondary reinforcer.

Eddie hates doing his homework. But when he does his homework, his mother gives him an apple. He learns to frequently study. Which best represents the learning Eddie's mother is using?

negative reinforcement.

When a rat presses a lever, a painful shock is taken away. If the rat frequently presses the lever, what is this an example of?

Fixed interval

An individual receives a reinforcement for the the first response after a 1-minute interval, but not again until the next 1-minute interval has passed. This is an example of which type of schedule of reinforcement?

The ones at the end

According to the recency effect, what are you most likely to remember from a list of items?

attention is limited.

If you want to remember something well, it is best to attend to only one thing at a time because...

Maintenance rehearsal within short-term memory.

A guy is trying to learn the three parts of the memory model by repeating names again and again. What part of the Atkinson & Shiffrin model is used?

Episodic memory

Memory for specific life events such as graduating high school, or getting married, is known as...

anterograde amnesia

Since her brain operation, Wendy has been unable to store any new memories to recall them an hour or more later. However, she still recalls everything that happened before her operation. What kind of memory loss does she have?

medial temporal lobe and hippocampus

The patients, H.M. and Clive Wearing suffered sever amnesia as a result of damage to which part of their brain?

schemas

What are cognitive structures that help us perceive, organize, process, and use information are referred to as ___

Proliferation

What is the production of new neurons called?

they fail to receive enough nerve growth factor (NGF).

Some neurons die during development because...

a child modifies an old schema to fit a new project or problem.

According to Piaget's concept of accommodation...

Seeing the world only from your perspective

What did Piaget mean by the term, "egocentric"?

conservation

An experimenter shows a child two equal glasses of water and then pours the water from one of them into a glass of a different shape. then the experimenter asks whether the new glass has more or less water that the other one. What concept is the experimenter testing?

identity crisis.

According to Erik Erikson, an adolescent's concerns and decisions about the future and quest for self-understanding is called a(n)...

James-Lange Theory

A bodily response leading to an emotion is what theory?

weight divided by height squared

How is BMI calculated?

Increasing the amount of leptin in the body

What should decrease feeding behavior?

A girl hasn't had a meal since last night and eats a sandwich.

What example best supports a drive reduction view of motivation?

well-being.

If one is trying to function at her best and be the healthiest person she can possibly be, they are concerned with their own...

Increases and then decreases.

According to Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome, during Phase II, our resistance to stress does what?

Hypothalamus

The HPA axis involves initial activation of what part of the brain?

Antipsychotics

What are drugs that relieve schizophrenia?

an internal (personal) attribution.

"He got into a fight, because he is an aggressive person" is an example of...

allows for rapid processing; can lead to errors

The main advantage of a stereotype is it ___; the main disadvantage is that it ___.

Participants thought they were shocking someone else, although they really weren't.

What was found in Stanley Milgram's research on obedience?

Implicit Association Test (IAT).

When respondents are asked to pair Black and White and pleasant or unpleasant words, this is probably a(n)

Personality

People differ greatly in their tendency to be active or inactive, outgoing or reserved. What are these tendencies called?

Openness to new experience, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism.

What are the "Big Five" personality factors?

Anal

According to Freud, someone who goes through life 'holding things back' and is orderly, stingy, and stubborn was probably fixated in what stage?

Catharsis

The process of venting to release emotion.

a split

The term 'schizophrenia' refers to ___

strong id and weak superego.

Someone gives in to a variety of sexual impulses and other impulses that other people would inhibit. In Freud's terminology, this person would be said to have a ___

a dissociative disorder

A mental disorder that involves a person's losing awareness of time and events.

They focus on helping people who are experiencing abuse, neglect, and poverty.

What does a social worker specialize in?

replace irrational beliefs with more realistic internal sentences.

The primary goal of rational-emotive therapy is to get the client to ___.

a repetitive

In obsessive compulsive disorder, and obsession is...

panic disorder

Agoraphobia, an excessive fear of open places or public faces, is frequently associated with ___

crippling depression

A person who goes through several months experiencing little interest in pleasurable activities, little reason for productive activity and a change in the appetite/body weight is most likely suffering from ___.

a neurotransmitter. (serotonin or dopamine)

What is a monoamine?

increasing levels of serotonin in the brain

According to the monoamine hypothesis, the antidepressant Paxil minimizes the symptoms of depression by ___.

obsession with details

Which is not a characteristic of someone with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder?

Displacement

An hour after wrecking her car, a woman yells at her friend. This is an example of which defense mechanism?

hallucinations

Sensory experiences that do not correspond to anything in the outside world are called ___.

we can imagine results that would contradict it.

To say that a theory is falsifiable is to say that ___

the amount of food that is typically consumed

One difference between anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa involves ___.

A girl is having trouble sleeping because she is concerned about a recent fight with his boyfriend.

What is an example of iatrogenic insomnia?