EXAM 4: Chapter 11 Study Guide

IN PROGRESS

What is the difference between the Out of Africa model versus the multi-regional hypothesis?

Both:

• Human origins from Africa

  • 200,000 years ago

Out of Africa (Eve Hypothesis):

• H. erectus is from Africa → rise to H. heidelbergensis → H. sapiens

• Authors: Chris Stinger (NIM) and Peter Andrews (UCL)

Global Dispersal/Regional Continuity Model

• Human origins from Africa, AS WELL AS Europe and Asia

• H. erectus dispersed and thrived globally

• Authors: Milford Wolfpoff (MILF) et all.

Who is the Old man of Shanidar? What is his genus and species?

• Shanidar, Iraq (Western Asia)

• 45,000 years old

• Old male (40s)

• Heavy wear on teeth

• Large brain

• Eye injury, arm amputation, foot with arthritis

  • Bulging bones = sign of arthritis

• purposefully laid down in a flexed position 

• H. neanderthalensis

What is Homo heidelbergensis?

• Archaic relatives of homo sapiens

  • Evolved from them

• Large face with large browridge = sign of living through the cold (glaciation)

• large, heavily worn out teeth = tools

• ~700 kya - 200 kya

• 1st heidelbergensis fossil = Mauer, Germany

• Early = Acheulean

• Late = Mousterian

What site did we get the sample to sequence the entire Neandertal genome?

Croatian sites

• Krapina Rock Shelter, Croatia

Who studied the La-Chapelle-Aux Saints specimen? What was its genus and species?

• M. Boule

• Homo neanderthalensis

  • Became the caricature for neanderthalensis

• Arthritic, cold adapted, elderly male

  • Arthritic = adapted to the cold

• NO FUCKING CHIN

• Very large nose = cold adaptation

  • Humidifier

  • Infraorbital foramen: large holes in their nose for more blood flow

• Intelligent

What is the Levallois technique?

• ~300,000 years ago

• Used by Neanderthals and LATER Heidelbergensis

• Stone napping technique

• Levallois-Perret suburb of Paris, France

• “requires removing all edges of the cortex, or outside surface of the raw material, in a circle before removing the lid. The flakes, which will eventually be turned into the individual tools, can then be removed from the core” (Textbook)

• PART OF MOUSTERIAN COMPLEX

• TURTLE SHAPEDD

Did Neandertals talk? How and with what evidence from the fossil record?

• Yes

• FOXP2 gene harvested from Croatian cave

  • gene that lets us talk was found in them too

• By Svante Paabo

Where can we find Cro-Magnon?

France

• Known for their angular eye sockets/orbits

• Homo sapien

Cro-magnon = “large cliffs”

Who is Kennewick man? What is its genus and species?

• The first american; homo sapien

• Kennewick River, Washington (1996)

• Mental eminence (chins) ← only homo sapiens have pointy chins

• Was shot by an an atlatl (spear thrower) /arrow? on pelvis

• Got kicked in the ribs

• Robust bones

• Lifestyle similar to coastal migrants

What is Homo floresiensis? What is its nickname/common name? Where can we find it?

• Nickname = “hobbits”

  • Island dwarfism: when large animals move away to smaller environments/islands and they get smaller

• Island of Flores, Indonesia; 100-16 kya

What tools can you find in the Upper Paleolithic? What is an atlatl?

• Elongated forms = BLADES

• Made them with objects other than stone

• 40-10kya

• upper stone age

• Solutrean (knife-like blades)

• Magdalenian (atlatl = spear thrower)

Where are the Lascaux and Altamira caves? Why are they unique?

Altamira Cave, Spain

• Discovred in 1880

• Know it’s from stone age because of Solutrean and Magdalean lithics found in cave

• Chacoal, ochre, and hematite -> used to create the art

• Date: 20,000-15,000 ya 

Lascaux Cave, France

• HULL OF THE BULLS!!!!! ART HISTORY YAYY

• Discovered in 1940

• A dog named Robot ran into the cave the owner ran after him

Who are the Denisovans?

• Closely related to Neanderthals than humans

• Diverged from 700 kya

• Migrated to Melanesia (Oceania) and China

• Separate species from sapiens and neanderthals

• Found by Svante Pääblo

What is the cranial capacity of Neandertals in comparison to Homo sapiens?

They had larger cranial capacity but idk the number ask about thisss

Which institute sequenced the entire Neandertal genome?

Max Planck Institution

How are Neandertals adapted for the cold (understand Bergmann and Allen’s rules)? Nasal aperture, large infraorbital foramina

• Bergman’s Rule: Body shape! 

  • Neandertal = stocky; why?

  • Cold adapted animals = large

    • less surface area relative to body size = less heat loss

• Allen’s Rule: Limbs!

  • Neanderthal = short; why? 

  • Cold-adapted animals = have short limbs 

    • = reduce surface area = less heat escapes

    • Aka shorter you are = less heat lost 

• To reduce surface area which means less heat lost 

• EX: Inuit and Neanderthal bodies = similar -> live in cold areas

• Nasal apertures:

  • Large; acted as a humidifier

• Large infraorbital foramina (blood flow to the face)

Occipital bun

FOUND ONLY IN NEANDERTHALS!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ONLY THEM

• prominent bulge or projection of the occipital bone at the back of the skull (wiki)

Upper paleolithic

the early phase of the Stone Age, lasting about 2.5 million years, when primitive stone implements were used

Clovis points

Arrowheads from paleoindians