Cardiovascular

Define Blood

\-fluid connective tissue

\-cells in a fluid Extra Cellular Matrix

\-ECM: Plasma 90% water and 10% solutes (protiens, nutrients, wastes, gas, electrolytes)

What are the types of blood cells?

Erythrocytes (red blood cells)

Leukocytes (white blood cells)

Plateletes

Define an erythrocyte?

\-anucleate biconcave disks

\-live about 120 days

\-new cells from red marrow

\-old cells removed in the liver and spleen

How many types of leukocytes are there?

5 types

Define a platelete

\-important for blood clotting

\-made from megakaryocytes

Define a megakaryocyte

Big cells that break apart into platelets

Where does hemapoeisis happen?

Red bone marrow

What do erythroblasts become?

erythroblasts become erythrocytes

Define Leukemia

Cancer of the blood

possible treatment is bone marrow transplant

Define Anemia

not enough red blood cells

possible treatment is bone marrow transplant

Where is the heart located?

located in the mediastinum (between the lungs)

Going deeper into the mediastinum where is the heart located

Located in the pericardium

Define Endocarditis

\-a ruptured endocardium

\-ruptures red blood cells

\-caused by IV drug use and poor nursing care

Explain the Wall of the Heart

Parietal Pericardium - allows it to attach to surrounding tissues

Fibrous layer- moderately dense CT w/ adipose CT

Serous Layer- simple squamous ET , provides frictionless surface for heart contraction

Pericardial Space with Pericardial Fluid- reduces friction

Visceral Pericardium “Epicardium”

Serous Layer - Simple Squamous ET

Fibrous layer- areolar CT w/ Adipose CT

Myocardium- Cardiac Muscle Tissue, contraction (thickest layer)

Endocardium

Areolar CT- provides nutrients to ET

Endothelium- simple squamous ET, provides a smooth surface for red blood cells to protect from rupture

What kind of cells are in cardiac muscles and what are their qualities?

\-Y Shaped cells

\-Striated

\-One nucleus

Define intercalated disks

Gap junctions that connect different cells

specifically connect muscle cells together

What are the two most important qualities about Cardiac Muscle?

\- Cardiac muscle does NOT regenerate

\- Cardiac muscle needs constant oxygen

Define the steps to the Pathway of the blood

Right Side (Superior Vena Cava, Inferior Vena Cava, Coronary Sinus) → Dumps blood to the Right Atrium → Tricuspid Valve → Right Ventricle → Pulmonary Semi Lunar Valve → Pulmonary Trunk → Pulmonary Arteries → Lungs → Pulmonary Veins → Left Atrium → Bicuspid Valve → Left Ventricle → Aortic Semi Lunar Valve → Aorta → (body drops off O2 and Picks up CO2) → Superior Vena Cava

Define a cuspid valve

\-prevent blood from going back into the atrium when ventricles contract

What kind of valve is on the right side of the heart?

Tricuspid Valve

What kind of valve is on the left side of the heart?

Bicuspid “Mitral” Valve

What are the valves of the heart attached to?

Chordae Tendineae “heart strings” which are attached to Papillary Muscles which prevent valve prolapse

What are the two types of semilunar valves?

Aortic Semilunar Valve

Pulmonary Semilunar Valve

Define a semilunar valve

Prevent blood from going back into ventricles during relaxation

In which direction do arteries go?

Arteries are blood vessels going AWAY from the heart

In which direction do veins go?

Veins are blood vessels going TOWARDS the heart

What makes the “Lub” sound of the heart beat?

Cuspid Valves closing

What makes the “Dub” sound of the heart beat?

Semilunar Valves closing

Define a heart murmur

When valves do not close properly

Define a prolapsed valve and how do we fix this?

The valve did not close but it also went in the wrong direction, this commonly happens in the mitral valve (bicuspid valve)

\-to fix this we replace the valve with a cow or pig valve

Define the sinoatrial node

“Pacemaker” of the heart

\-starts contraction of the heart

sends signals to both atria which then goes to Atrioventricular Node which cause decay

and goes through

Conduction Fibers which make ventricles contract

What do blood clots cause?

Myocardial Infarction- heart attack

How do we prevent Myocardial Infarction?

\-Cardiovascular exercise

\-the heart grows more blood vessels with cardio

Define a Coronary Bypass

taking a blood vessel from somewhere else in the body and putting it in the heart to bypass the blood clot

\-this can prevent heart attacks

Define a stint

Wire mesh that we put into the blood vessels to flatten the clot

\-in the wall of the heart

Define the Embryonic Development of the Heart

1). two tubes that pump

2). Two tubes fuse together

3). Two tubes fold and become the heart

4). Fully functioning heart at 1 month

What are the two parts of the fetal heart that are not in the adult heart?

Foramen Ovale- a hole between the Left and Right Atria

Ductus Arteriosus- connects pulmonary trunk to the aorta

What does the foramen ovale become after birth?

Fossa Ovales

What does the Ductus Arteriosus become after birth?

Ligamentum Arteriosum

Define the Patent Foramen Ovale

This is what the foramen ovale is called if it does not close when the baby is born

Define Tertralogy of Fallot

Two tubes fuse but DO NOT fold over

causing 4 major problems with the heart

\-often leading to 3 major open heart surgeries in 12 years

Define the Anatomy of A Blood Vessel

1. Tunica Intima

A. Endothelium - prevents red blood cells from rupturing (Simple Squamous ET)

B. Subendothelium- nourishes ET (areolar CT)
2. Tunica Media

Smooth Muscle - Vasoconstriction

Elastic Fibers - recoil
3. Tunica Adventica

Dense Irregular CT that loosens

\-protects

\-provides physical strength

\-attachment/anchor

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Vaso Vasorum- “blood vessels of the blood vessels”

\-blood vessels that supply tissues

(only in big large organs)