Define Blood
-fluid connective tissue
-cells in a fluid Extra Cellular Matrix
-ECM: Plasma 90% water and 10% solutes (protiens, nutrients, wastes, gas, electrolytes)
What are the types of blood cells?
Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
Leukocytes (white blood cells)
Plateletes
Define an erythrocyte?
-anucleate biconcave disks
-live about 120 days
-new cells from red marrow
-old cells removed in the liver and spleen
How many types of leukocytes are there?
5 types
Define a platelete
-important for blood clotting
-made from megakaryocytes
Define a megakaryocyte
Big cells that break apart into platelets
Where does hemapoeisis happen?
Red bone marrow
What do erythroblasts become?
erythroblasts become erythrocytes
Define Leukemia
Cancer of the blood
possible treatment is bone marrow transplant
Define Anemia
not enough red blood cells
possible treatment is bone marrow transplant
Where is the heart located?
located in the mediastinum (between the lungs)
Going deeper into the mediastinum where is the heart located
Located in the pericardium
Define Endocarditis
-a ruptured endocardium
-ruptures red blood cells
-caused by IV drug use and poor nursing care
Explain the Wall of the Heart
Parietal Pericardium - allows it to attach to surrounding tissues
Fibrous layer- moderately dense CT w/ adipose CT
Serous Layer- simple squamous ET , provides frictionless surface for heart contraction
Pericardial Space with Pericardial Fluid- reduces friction
Visceral Pericardium “Epicardium”
Serous Layer - Simple Squamous ET
Fibrous layer- areolar CT w/ Adipose CT
Myocardium- Cardiac Muscle Tissue, contraction (thickest layer)
Endocardium
Areolar CT- provides nutrients to ET
Endothelium- simple squamous ET, provides a smooth surface for red blood cells to protect from rupture
What kind of cells are in cardiac muscles and what are their qualities?
-Y Shaped cells
-Striated
-One nucleus
Define intercalated disks
Gap junctions that connect different cells
specifically connect muscle cells together
What are the two most important qualities about Cardiac Muscle?
- Cardiac muscle does NOT regenerate
- Cardiac muscle needs constant oxygen
Define the steps to the Pathway of the blood
Right Side (Superior Vena Cava, Inferior Vena Cava, Coronary Sinus) → Dumps blood to the Right Atrium → Tricuspid Valve → Right Ventricle → Pulmonary Semi Lunar Valve → Pulmonary Trunk → Pulmonary Arteries → Lungs → Pulmonary Veins → Left Atrium → Bicuspid Valve → Left Ventricle → Aortic Semi Lunar Valve → Aorta → (body drops off O2 and Picks up CO2) → Superior Vena Cava
Define a cuspid valve
-prevent blood from going back into the atrium when ventricles contract
What kind of valve is on the right side of the heart?
Tricuspid Valve
What kind of valve is on the left side of the heart?
Bicuspid “Mitral” Valve
What are the valves of the heart attached to?
Chordae Tendineae “heart strings” which are attached to Papillary Muscles which prevent valve prolapse
What are the two types of semilunar valves?
Aortic Semilunar Valve
Pulmonary Semilunar Valve
Define a semilunar valve
Prevent blood from going back into ventricles during relaxation
In which direction do arteries go?
Arteries are blood vessels going AWAY from the heart
In which direction do veins go?
Veins are blood vessels going TOWARDS the heart
What makes the “Lub” sound of the heart beat?
Cuspid Valves closing
What makes the “Dub” sound of the heart beat?
Semilunar Valves closing
Define a heart murmur
When valves do not close properly
Define a prolapsed valve and how do we fix this?
The valve did not close but it also went in the wrong direction, this commonly happens in the mitral valve (bicuspid valve)
-to fix this we replace the valve with a cow or pig valve
Define the sinoatrial node
“Pacemaker” of the heart
-starts contraction of the heart
sends signals to both atria which then goes to Atrioventricular Node which cause decay
and goes through
Conduction Fibers which make ventricles contract
What do blood clots cause?
Myocardial Infarction- heart attack
How do we prevent Myocardial Infarction?
-Cardiovascular exercise
-the heart grows more blood vessels with cardio
Define a Coronary Bypass
taking a blood vessel from somewhere else in the body and putting it in the heart to bypass the blood clot
-this can prevent heart attacks
Define a stint
Wire mesh that we put into the blood vessels to flatten the clot
-in the wall of the heart
Define the Embryonic Development of the Heart
1). two tubes that pump
2). Two tubes fuse together
3). Two tubes fold and become the heart
4). Fully functioning heart at 1 month
What are the two parts of the fetal heart that are not in the adult heart?
Foramen Ovale- a hole between the Left and Right Atria
Ductus Arteriosus- connects pulmonary trunk to the aorta
What does the foramen ovale become after birth?
Fossa Ovales
What does the Ductus Arteriosus become after birth?
Ligamentum Arteriosum
Define the Patent Foramen Ovale
This is what the foramen ovale is called if it does not close when the baby is born
Define Tertralogy of Fallot
Two tubes fuse but DO NOT fold over
causing 4 major problems with the heart
-often leading to 3 major open heart surgeries in 12 years
Define the Anatomy of A Blood Vessel
Tunica Intima
A. Endothelium - prevents red blood cells from rupturing (Simple Squamous ET)
B. Subendothelium- nourishes ET (areolar CT)
Tunica Media
Smooth Muscle - Vasoconstriction
Elastic Fibers - recoil
Tunica Adventica
Dense Irregular CT that loosens
-protects
-provides physical strength
-attachment/anchor
Vaso Vasorum- “blood vessels of the blood vessels”
-blood vessels that supply tissues
(only in big large organs)