lecture 1: organs & organ systems

What main functions of the body do the organ systems contribute to?

• reproduction

• maintaining boundaries

• movement

• responsiveness

• digestion

• metabolism

• excretion

• growth

integumentary system: organs & structures (5)

• skin

• hair

• nails

• sweat glands

• sebaceous glands

integumentary system: functions (4)

• physical barrier against water loss and microbial infiltration

• thermoregulation

• excretion

• sensation

skeletal system: organs & structures (3)

• bones

• joints

• ligaments (bone → bone)

skeletal system: functions (4)

• protect organs

• provide attachment point for muscles

• mineral storage (esp. calcium)

• site for blood cell formation

where is red bone marrow found?

is it categorized as a skeletal structure?

• in the ends of long bones (radius, ulna, humerus, etc.) , pelvis, ribs, vertebrae

• no; lymphatic

muscular system: organs & structures (2)

• muscles

• tendons (muscles →bone)

muscular system: functions (3)

• Protects organs and major blood vessels

• Movement → allows interaction with

environment and for locomotion

• Produces heat from muscles contraction

T/F: muscles produce heat when at rest

False: muscle contraction produces a lot of heat when

muscle tone increases, while other organs are

responsible for heat production when we’re at rest.

what are the muscles between your ribs called?

what are the muscles below your lungs called?

• intercostal muscles

• diaghram

reproductive system: organs & structure (4)

internal and external male and female structures

• gonads (testes, ovaries)

• passageways

• accessory glands

• mammary glands

reproductive system: functions (5)

• Create gametes

• Sexual intercourse

• Site for fertilization and fetal

development

• Produce sex hormones

• Milk production

what idea does the theory of natural selection support in regards to the reproductive system with respect to the other systems?

all organ systems are meant to support the reproductive system (want your genes to live on!)

nervous system: organs & structures

• Brain

• Spinal cord

• Peripheral (spinal and cranial) nerves

what are the different structures associated with the brain (7)?

• cerebral cortex

• cerebrum

• hypothalamus

• brainstem

• cerebellum

• spinal cord

• peripheral nerve

the nervous system is also known as?

fast control system

nervous sytsem: functions (2)

• fast acting control system

• responds to external and internal changes by stimulating muscles and glands (a.k.a. effectors) (to maintain homeostasis)

what is activated by changes in the chemical, light, etc. nature of the environment?

what responds to these changes? how his their response communicated to them?

• sensory receptors

• effectors (muscles, glands); through the nerves

endocrine system: organs & functions

major glands:

• pituitary

• thyroid

• parathyroid

• adrenals

• testes

• ovaries

• thymus

other glands & tissues:

• pineal

• hypothalamus

• pancreas

• kidneys

• gonads

• placenta

• heart

T/F: as the hear and kindeys are part of the endocrine system, their main function is hormone production

False.

• kidneys: filter blood for waste + extra water to create urine (urinary system)

• heart: pump blood (cardiovascular system)

the endocrine system is also known as?

the slow acting control system

endocrine system: functions (1)

slow-acting control system that responds to

various stimuli to secrete hormones to affect

long-term physiological responses

what is a hormone? is it a localized messenger?

• chemical messnger

• systemic (not localized; released into the bloodstream and travels to various parts of the body)

respiratory system: organs & structures (list in order from closest to head (superior) to farthest from head (inferior) (6)

• nasal cavity

• pharynx

• larynx

• trachea

• bronchi

• lungs

respiratory system: functions (2)

• Sound production

• Coordination of external respiration by bringing in oxygen and removing CO2 from the blood (gas exchange @ sites like the lungs and tissues)

what type of structures in the respiratory system direct, warm, and humidify air?

what type of structures in the respiratory system ensure gas exchange?

• conductive (brings air in)

• respiratory

cardiovascular system: organs & structures (4)

name the 3 types of blood vessels

• heart

• arteries

• veins

• capillaries

cardiovascular system: functions (1)

coordinate internal respiration by ensuring gas and nutrient exchange between tissues and blood

name the three circuits of the cardiovascular system. what do these circuits do individually/globally?

• systemic: blood from heart to body then back to heart

• pulmonary: blood from heart to lungs then back to heart

• coronary: feeds the heart itself

generally: blood is circulated from the heart through these circuits and back

urinary system: organs & structures (4)

what do they do?

• kidneys: filters blood —> urine

• ureters: tubing that transports urine from kidneys to urethra

• bladder: stores urine

• urethra: takes urine from urethra to external

urinary system: functions (3)

• filter wastes from blood

• regulates water, pH, and electrolyte levels

• eliminates urine from the body

what are the 2 roles of kidneys?

what are these roles coordinated by?

• excretions and homeostatic regulation

• nephrons

digestive system: organs & structures (8)

• salivary glands

• oral cavity

• pharynx

• esophagus

• stomach

• small intestine

• large intestine

• liver

• gallbladder

• pancreas

digestive system: functions (6)

• ingestion

• physical digestion

• chemical digestion

• absorption

• secretion

• defecation

T/F: microflora has roles only in digestion

False. Also in nervous, immune, and cardiovascular health.

lymphatic system: organs & structures

• red bone marrow

• spleen

• thymus

• lymph nodes

• lymphatic capillaries

• lymphocytes

lymphatic (immune) system: functions (2)

• blood cell production, storage, and maturation of white blood cells

• activation of immune system by monitoring lymph fluid

which 2 systems are responsible for: movement?

• muscular

• skeletal

which 2 systems are responsible for: security: protection & defense

• integumentary

• lymphatic

which 2 systems are responsible for: control: sense, decide & communicate

• nervous

• endocrine

which 4 systems are responsible for: metabolism (think processes involved in cellular respiration)

1. respiratory

2. digestive

3. urinary

4. cardiovascular (connects all of these systems)

which system is responsible for: reproduction

• reproductive

which organs are part of 2 organ systems?

• pharynx: digestive + respiratory

• thymus: lymphatic + endocrine

• kidneys: urinary + endocrine

• heart: cardiovascular + endocrine

• gonads (testes/ovaries): endocrine + reproductive