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Religion
a social institution involving beliefs and practices based on recognizing the sacred.
Profane
included as an ordinary element of everyday life.
Sacred
set apart as extraordinary, inspiring awe and reverence.
Ritual
formal, ceremonial behavior.
Faith
belief based on personal conviction rather than on scientific evidence.
Totem
an object in the natural world collectively defined as sacred.
Church
a type of organization that is well integrated into the larger society.
Sect
a type of religious organization that stands apart from the larger society.
Cult
a religious organization that is largely outside a society’s cultural traditions.
Animism
the belief that elements of the natural world are conscious life forms that affect humanity.
Monotheism
belief in a single divine power.
Polytheism
belief in many gods.
Religiosity
the importance of religion in a person’s life.
Secularization
the historical decline in the importance of supernatural and sacred.
Civil Religion
a quasi-religious loyalty linking individuals in a basically secular society.
Fundamentalism
a conservative religious doctrine that opposes intellectualism and worldly accommodation in favor of restoring traditional otherworldly religion.
Demography
the study of the human population.
Demographic Transition Theory
A thesis that links population patterns to a society’s level of technological development.
Fertility
The incidence of childbearing in a country’s population.
Crude Birth Rate
The number of live births in a given year for every 1,000 people in a population.
Mortality
The incidence of death in a country’s population.
Crude Death Rate
The number of deaths in a given year for every 1,000 people in a population.
Life Expectancy
The average lifespan of a country’s population.
Sex Ratio
The number of males for every 100 females in a nation’s population.
Age-Sex Pyramid
a graphic representation of the ages and sex of a population.
migration
The movement of people into and out of a specific territory.
urbanization
The concentration of population into cities.
metropolis
A large city that socially and economically dominates an urban area.
suburbs
Urban areas beyond the political boundaries of a city.
megalopolis
A vast urban region containing a number of cities and their surrounding suburbs
gemeinschaft
A type of social organization in which people are closely tied by kinship and tradition.
Gesellschaft
A type of social organization in which people come together only on the basis of individual self-interest
ecology
The study of the interaction of living organisms and the natural environment.
Urban Ecology
The study of the link between the physical and social dimensions of cities.
natural environment
Earth’s surface and atmosphere, including living organisms, air, water, soil, and other resources necessary to sustain life.
ecosystem
A system comprised of the interaction of all living organisms and their natural environment.
environmental deficit
Profound long-term harm to the natural environment caused by humanity’s focus on short-term material influence.
environmental sexism
Environmental patterns that place girls and women at a disadvantage and threaten their well-being.
environmental racism
patterns of development that expose poor people, especially people of color, to environmental hazards.
Ecologically Sustainable Culture
A way of life that meets the needs of the present generation without threatening the environmental legacy of future generations.
health
a state of complete, physical, mental, and social well-being.
Social Epidemiology
the study of how health and disease are distributed throughout a society’s population.
medicine
the social institution that focuses on fighting disease and improving health.
eating disorders
a physical and mental disorder that involves intense dieting or other unhealthy methods of weight control driven by the desire to be very thin.
holistic medicine
an approach to healthcare that emphasizes the prevention of illness and takes into account a person’s entire physical and social environment.
socialized medicine
A medical care system in which the government owns and operates most medical facilities and employs most physicians.
direct-free system
A medical care system in which patients pay directly for the services of physicians and hospitals
health Maintenance Organizations
organizations that provide comprehensive medical care to subscribers for a fixed fee.
education
The social institution through which a society provides its members with important knowledge, involving basic facts, job skills, and cultural norms and values
schooling
formal instruction under the direction of specially trained teachers
school tracking
assigning students to different types of educational programs
functional illiteracy
a lack of the reading and writing skills needed for everyday living
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