Quiz #6

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52 Terms

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Religion

a social institution involving beliefs and practices based on recognizing the sacred.

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Profane

included as an ordinary element of everyday life.

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Sacred

set apart as extraordinary, inspiring awe and reverence.

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Ritual

formal, ceremonial behavior.

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Faith

belief based on personal conviction rather than on scientific evidence.

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Totem

an object in the natural world collectively defined as sacred.

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Church

a type of organization that is well integrated into the larger society.

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Sect

a type of religious organization that stands apart from the larger society.

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Cult

a religious organization that is largely outside a society’s cultural traditions.

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Animism

the belief that elements of the natural world are conscious life forms that affect humanity.

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Monotheism

belief in a single divine power.

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Polytheism

belief in many gods.

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Religiosity

the importance of religion in a person’s life.

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Secularization

the historical decline in the importance of supernatural and sacred.

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Civil Religion

a quasi-religious loyalty linking individuals in a basically secular society.

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Fundamentalism

a conservative religious doctrine that opposes intellectualism and worldly accommodation in favor of restoring traditional otherworldly religion.

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Demography

the study of the human population.

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Demographic Transition Theory

A thesis that links population patterns to a society’s level of technological development.

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Fertility

The incidence of childbearing in a country’s population.

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Crude Birth Rate

The number of live births in a given year for every 1,000 people in a population.

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Mortality

The incidence of death in a country’s population.

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Crude Death Rate

The number of deaths in a given year for every 1,000 people in a population.

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Life Expectancy

The average lifespan of a country’s population.

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Sex Ratio

The number of males for every 100 females in a nation’s population.

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Age-Sex Pyramid

a graphic representation of the ages and sex of a population.

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migration

The movement of people into and out of a specific territory.

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urbanization

The concentration of population into cities.

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metropolis

A large city that socially and economically dominates an urban area.

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suburbs

Urban areas beyond the political boundaries of a city.

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megalopolis

A vast urban region containing a number of cities and their surrounding suburbs

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gemeinschaft

A type of social organization in which people are closely tied by kinship and tradition.

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Gesellschaft

A type of social organization in which people come together only on the basis of individual self-interest

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ecology

The study of the interaction of living organisms and the natural environment.

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Urban Ecology

The study of the link between the physical and social dimensions of cities.

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natural environment

Earth’s surface and atmosphere, including living organisms, air, water, soil, and other resources necessary to sustain life.

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ecosystem

A system comprised of the interaction of all living organisms and their natural environment.

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environmental deficit

Profound long-term harm to the natural environment caused by humanity’s focus on short-term material influence.

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environmental sexism

Environmental patterns that place girls and women at a disadvantage and threaten their well-being.

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environmental racism

patterns of development that expose poor people, especially people of color, to environmental hazards.

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Ecologically Sustainable Culture

A way of life that meets the needs of the present generation without threatening the environmental legacy of future generations.

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health

a state of complete, physical, mental, and social well-being.

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Social Epidemiology

the study of how health and disease are distributed throughout a society’s population.

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medicine

the social institution that focuses on fighting disease and improving health.

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eating disorders

a physical and mental disorder that involves intense dieting or other unhealthy methods of weight control driven by the desire to be very thin.

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holistic medicine

an approach to healthcare that emphasizes the prevention of illness and takes into account a person’s entire physical and social environment.

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socialized medicine

A medical care system in which the government owns and operates most medical facilities and employs most physicians.

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direct-free system

A medical care system in which patients pay directly for the services of physicians and hospitals

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health Maintenance Organizations

organizations that provide comprehensive medical care to subscribers for a fixed fee.

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education

The social institution through which a society provides its members with important knowledge, involving basic facts, job skills, and cultural norms and values

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schooling

formal instruction under the direction of specially trained teachers

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school tracking

assigning students to different types of educational programs

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functional illiteracy

a lack of the reading and writing skills needed for everyday living