biology terms for mid term 1 lecture 1-8 i think

hydration shell

The layer of water molecules that surround and interact with a solute in a solution, forming hydrogen bonds. It stabilizes the solute and helps facilitate its dissolution or chemical reactions.

hydrophobic

substances repel or do not mix with water due to their molecular properties.

hydrophilic

Having an affinity for or attracting water molecules.

buffer

A solution that resists changes in pH by absorbing or releasing hydrogen ions. It helps maintain a stable pH level in biological systems.

hydroxide ion

A negatively charged ion consisting of one oxygen atom and one hydrogen atom. It has a chemical formula of OH-. It is commonly found in solutions of bases and has a strong affinity for protons, making it a strong base itself.

proton

A subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom. It carries a positive charge and is equal in number to the atomic number of the element.

covalent bonds

Type of chemical bond formed when two atoms share electrons, resulting in a stable molecule.

ionic bond

Type of chemical bond formed between two atoms when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another, resulting in the attraction between oppositely charged ions.

hydrogen bonds

The h atom forms one covalent bond with another atom in the same molecule where it is present.

Non polar

equal sharing of electrons, making them hydrophobic and insoluble in water. Examples include lipids and hydrocarbons.

polar

Uneven distribution of charge due to differences in electronegativity between atoms. This creates a positive and negative end, or poles, within the molecule. are hydrophilic, meaning they can dissolve in water . Examples include water and glucose.

cohesion

The force that holds molecules of the same substance together.

monosaccharides

simple sugars that cannot be broken down further. They consist of a single sugar unit and are the building blocks of carbohydrates.

hydrogenated fats

Type of fats created by adding hydrogen to unsaturated fats, making them solid at room temperature.

polypeptide

A long chain of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds, forming a protein molecule.

R group

They play a crucial role in the structure and function of organic molecules.

chaperon protein

proteins that assist other to fold properly during or after synthesis

proteosome degradation

damaged or misfolded proteins are tagged with ubiquitin and proteases chop them up into short peptides for recycling.

Nucleic acids

Store and transmit hereditary information. structure Pentose sugar, nitrogen base and phosphate group

. DNA has Thymine and RNA has uracil

Prokaryotic

bacteria and archaea, Unicellular , no enclosed nucleus and membrane bound.

Eukaryotic

protist, fungi, animal and plant cells, defined nucleus

amphipathic

chemical compound containing both polar and non polar portion in it structure.

hypotonic to a cell

if the solute concentration inside the cell is higher compared to outside the cell (will swell up)

hypertonic to a cell

If the solute concentration outside the cell is higher than the inside (cell will shrivel )

osmosis

the diffusion of water across a permeable membrane

exocytosis

process by which cells excrete waste and other large molecules from the cytoplasm and the vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane.

endocytosis

process by which cells absorb external material by engulfing it with the cell membrane ( Phagocytosis, Pinocytosis, and receptor mediated endocytosis

phagocytosis

process for ingesting particles by engulfing the particle with cell membrane

pinocytosis

cell membrane along folds and creates small pockets and captures the cellular fluid and dissolved substances

receptor mediated endocytosis

receptor proteins on cell surface are used to capture a specific target molecule and then engulfed.

progeria

an extremely rare progressive genetic disorder that causes rapid aging. mutation in the nuclear lamina

centriole

paired barrel shaped organelles located in the cytoplasm of animal cells near the nuclear envelope. help organize microtubules that serve as the cells skeletal system

centrosome

organelle that serves as the main microtubule organizing center of the animal cell.

Filopodia/ filopodium

thin membrane protrusion that act as antennae for a cell to probe the surrounding environment

Lamellipodia/ pseudopodium

thin, sheet-like membrane protrusion found at the leading edge of motile cells for persistent protrusion over a surface

cilia

hair like structure present on the surface of all mammalian cells that help with the movement of substances

flagella

threadlike structure that enables many protozoa bacteria to swim.

integrins

the principal receptor used by animal cells to bind to the extracellular matrix

peoxisomes

small vesicles, single membrane organelles that contain digestive enzymes for breaking down toxic material in cells and oxidative enzymes for metabolic activity

hormone

chemical substance that acts like an messenger molecule for long distance communication

synapse

the site of transmission of electrical nerves impulses between two nerve cells or nerve cells to muscle or glands

transduction

the process by which a virus transfers genetic material from one bacterial to another

ligand

a molecule that binds to a receptor

paracrine

a hormone that is secreted by an endocrine gland and affects the function of near by cells, rather than being transported by distally by the blood or lymph

endocrine system

messenger system in the body for hormones that target and regulate distance organs

kinase

an enzyme that adds phosphate groups to other molecules

Phosphatase

an enzyme that removes a phosphate group from a protein.