Set 7: the Enlightenment, Revolutions & Unification Movements

Enlightenment

A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions.

John Locke

17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property.

Natural Rights

the idea that all humans are born with rights, which include the right to life, liberty, and property

Rousseau

wrote "Social Contract", believed people in their natural state were basically good but that they were corrupted by the evils of society, especially the uneven distribution of property

Social Contract

A voluntary agreement among individuals to secure their rights and welfare by creating a government and abiding by its rules.

Montesquieu

French political philosopher who advocated the separation of executive and legislative and judicial powers (1689-1755)

Separation of Powers

Constitutional division of powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, with the legislative branch making law, the executive applying and enforcing the law, and the judiciary interpreting the law

Mary Wollstonecraft

English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women

Diderot's Encyclopedia

spread Enlightenment ideas to educated people all over the world

Voltaire

(1694-1778) French philosopher. He believed that freedom of speech was the best weapon against bad government. He also spoke out against the corruption of the French government, and the intolerance of the Catholic Church.

Catherine the Great

Empress of Russia who greatly increased the territory of the empire (1729-1796)

Enlightened Monarchs

monarchs who introduced reforms to better society (freedom of speech, the press, religious toleration, education, laws)

7 Years War

Fought in both continental Europe and also in overseas colonies between 1756 and 1763; resulted in Prussian seizures of land from Austria, English seizures of colonies in Indian and North America

Sugar Act

law passed by the British Parliament setting taxes on molasses and sugar imported by the colonies

Boston Tea Party

A 1773 protest against British taxes in which Boston colonists disguised as Mohawks dumped valuable tea into Boston Harbor.

Boston Massacre

The first bloodshed of the American Revolution (1770), as British guards at the Boston Customs House opened fire on a crowd killing five Americans

American Revolution

This political revolution began with the Declaration of Independence in 1776 where American colonists sought to balance the power between government and the people and protect the rights of citizens in a democracy.

American Bill of Rights

Political document of the United States; resembles the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen; ratified in 1791; only applies to federal laws, not state laws

French Revolution

The revolution that began in 1789, overthrew the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons and the system of aristocratic privileges, and ended with Napoleon's overthrow of the Directory and seizure of power in 1799.

Louis XVI

King of France (r.1774-1792 CE). In 1789 he summoned the Estates-General, but he did not grant the reforms that were demanded and revolution followed. Louis and his queen, Marie Antoinette, were executed in 1793.

Marie Antoinette

Queen of France (as wife of Louis XVI) who was unpopular her extravagance and opposition to reform contributed to the overthrow of the monarchy; she was guillotined along with her husband (1755-1793)

Estates System

French social system that divided the people into three categories: the clergy, the nobility, and everyone else

Third Estate

97% of the population (the rest of France) They consisted of the bourgeoisie, the san-culottes and the peasants; they paid high taxes and had no special privileges

Tennis Court Oath

A pledge made by the members of France's National Assembly in 1789, in which they vowed to continue meeting until they had drawn up a new constitution

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

Adopted August 26, 1789, created by the National Assembly to give rights to all (except women).

Bread Riots

Riots that occurred in the South in the Civil War as the blockade from the North decreased the amount of available food and increased food prices.

Bastille

Medieval fortress that was converted to a prison stormed by peasants for ammunition during the early stages of the French Revolution.

First Coalition War

a military conflict between France and European countries that did not agree with the French Revolution

Guillotine

A machine for beheading people, used as a means of execution during the French Revolution.

Dechristianization

Campaign to eliminate Christian faith and practice in France undertaken by the revolutionary government.

Robespierre

leader of the Committee of Public Safety; chief architect of the Reign of Terror

Reign of Terror

(1793-94) during the French Revolution when thousands were executed for "disloyalty"

Olympe de Gouge

French journalist who demanded equal rights for women.

Declaration of the Rights of Woman

This document, written by Olympe de Gouges wrote in response to the Declaration of the Rights of Man, states that Woman deserve the same political rights of men

Napoleon

French general who became emperor of the French (1769-1821)

Napoleonic Wars

A series of wars fought between France (led by Napoleon Bonaparte) and alliances involving England and Prussia and Russia and Austria at different times (1799-1812).

Continental System

Napoleon's policy of preventing trade between Great Britain and continental Europe, intended to destroy Great Britain's economy.

Napoleon's invasion of Russia

failure due to the Russian winter and scorched earth policy

Nationalism

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country

Napoleonic Code

A comprehensive and uniform system of laws established for France by Napoleon

Sokoto Caliphate

large Muslim state founded in 1809 in what is now northern Nigeria.

Cherokee Nation

Native American tribe that was forced to leave their land because of the Indian Removal Act

Zulu Nation

became part of British empire after losing the Zulu Wars

Lola Rodriguez de Tio

Puerto Rican poet who supported Cuban independence.

Jose Rizal

Filipino revolutionary leader who fought for sovereignty from the Spanish

Propaganda Movement

a period of time when native Filipinos were calling for reforms, lasting approximately from 1880 to 1886 with the most activity between 1880 and 1895.

Ottomanism

movement in the 1870s and 1880s that aimed to create a more modern, unified state by minimizing ethnic, linguistic, and religious differences across the empire

Balkan Nationalism

Movements to create independent nations within the Balkan possessions of the Ottoman Empire; provoked a series of crises within the European alliance system; eventually led to World War I.

Greek War of Independence

Greeks sought independence from control of the Ottoman Empire in 1829 -defeated Egyptian soldiers

Otto Von Bismarck

Chancellor of Prussia from 1862 until 1871, when he became chancellor of Germany. A conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria (1866) and France (1870) and was responsible for the creation of the German Empire (714)

German Unification

In the 19th-century, various independent German-speaking states, led by the chancellor of Prussia Otto von Bismarck, unified to create a Germanic state. The state expanded with von Bismarck's military exploits against Austria, France and Denmark. Unification was complete by 1871 with the Prussian king, Wilhelm, named the first leader of Germany.

Italian Unification

During 1848, Italy was separated into many states. Cavour worked to unify the North then helped Giuseppe Garibaldi unify the South staring with Sicily. Garibaldi eventually stepped aside and handed over all of Southern Italy to Victor Emmanuel II (King of Sardinia) rule all of the now unified Italy

Tsar Alexander II

He was a Russian Tsar who attempted reform ("Emancipator") but his appeasement (emancipation of serfs and the establishment of Zemstvos) led to his assassination by the People's Will

Emancipation Edict

(1861) The imperial law that abolished serfdom in Russia and, on paper, freed the peasants. In actuality they were collectively responsible for redemption payments to the government for a number of years.

Miguel Hidalgo and Jose Morelos

Priests that led the Hidalgo-Morelos Rebellion, a socially radical peasant insurrection that began in Mexico in 1810

War of Mexican Independence

Mexico becomes independent from Spain, led by peasant farmers

Simon Bolivar

1783-1830, Venezuelan statesman: leader of revolt of South American colonies against Spanish rule.

Jamaica Letter

Was a document written in Jamaica by South American revolutionary leader Simon Bolivar where he famously expanded his views on thee independence movement in Venezuela and the way the government under the way they tried to operate.

Latin American Revolutions

Series of risings in the Spanish colonies of Latin America (1810-1826) that established the independence of new states from Spanish rule but that for the most part retained the privileges of the elites despite efforts at more radical social rebellion by the lower classes.

Brazilian Independence

creoles demanded Brazil's independence from Portugal and 8K Brazilians signed a petition to make Dom Pedro ruler and Sept 7, 1822 he declared Brazil's independence < won through a bloodless revolution!

Toussaint L'Ouverture

Leader of the Haitian Revolution. He freed the slaves and gained effective independence for Haiti despite military interventions by the British and French.

Haitian Revolution

A major influece of the Latin American revolutions because of its successfulness; the only successful slave revolt in history; it is led by Toussaint L'Ouverture.

Haitian Massacre of 1804

Dessalines' army against the remaining Frenchmen. Lots of violence. Hundreds of blacks and whites were killed.