Pros and cons of a Spanish alliance

Whose fp did Mary align hers with?

Spanish Habsburgs

What was Mary’s heritage?

Half-Spanish

Who had been Mary’s most supportive figure in her life?

Her cousin, Emperor Charles V

Who did Mary feel surrounded with at home?

Heretics whom she felt she couldn’t trust

What did Mary learn to trust and act on?

The advice of Simon Renard, the Imperial Ambassador

What did the Habsburg alliance represent?

Traditional orientation of English foreign policy

What was unpopular and distanced Mary from her people?

Mary’s marriage to Philip and her pursuit of pro-Spanish policies

What didn’t appear to be a significant priority?

Protecting England and English interests

What did English people felt their country was being used as?

A Spanish pawn

What did the Spanish-led fp result in?

England becoming a new battleground in the Habsburg-Valois War, the loss of Calais, and Spain replacing France as England’s principal enemy in Liz reign

What were substantially strengthened in Mary’s reign?

Armed forces

What did Philip encourage?

Reorganising and improving the army, appointing a Naval Treasurer, and increasing the number of ships available for active duty

What did the number of ships start at and what did it increase to?

1555-3

1557-21

Where did equally significant improvements take place?

Army recruitment

What was the old system of army recruitment?

The inefficient old system of individual lords and gentlemen raising troops

What was the old system replaced with?

Lord Lieutenant and JPs in each county were now given responsibility to raise troops

How long did Mary resist involvement in the war?

As long as she could

What was the loss of Calais not a predicable result of?

England’s involvement in The Habsburg-Valois War

What was Mary’s contribution?

Moderate (about 7000 troops) and non-commital