AP Biology: Water Homeostasis

Oxygen has a slight _____ charge

negative

Hydrogen has a slight _____ charge

positive

Cohesion

Water molecules stick to each other

Adhesion

Water is attracted to/ can adhere to another substance

ex. water sticks to glass and creates a meniscus

Bodies of water are considered…

heat banks because they can store a lot of heat without a drastic change in temperature

Evaporative cooling

humans and dogs sweat and pant to cool their bodies

Surface tension

small insects can walk/stand on water because they are not heavy enough to break waters tension

An acid has…

a lot of H+ and has a Ph of 0-6

A Base has…

a lot of OH- and has a Ph of 8-14

Bicarbonate is a

buffer and helps adjust blood Ph when it is too acidic

Respiratory acidosis

Ph of a person’s blood decreases (becomes acidic) when exercising, and the body corrects this by breathing heavily to get rid of the excess Co2

Metabolic acidosis

The Ph of a person’s blood is so low that breathing can not correct it and medical attention is needed

Water potential

water moves from areas with less water (low water potential) to areas with more water (high water potential)

When solute is increased water potential…

decreases (becomes more negative)

Flaccid

limp- cell wall is collapsed in on its self

Turgid

Firm- cell wall is “inflated”

Turgor Pressure

outward force exerted by water within a plant

What triggers stomata to open?

Main trigger= LIGHT

Depletion of Co2, biological clock

Xerophytes reduce transpiration by:

small leaf area, thick cuticle, sunken stomata, hairs

Translocation

the process of moving nutrients from a source to a sink

A Source

where carbohydrates/glucose are stored

A Sink

where carbohydrates are needed

Thermoregulation for regulators

Can regulate their body temp, no matter the environments temp (metabolism and homeostasis)

Thermoregulation for conformers

Match their body temp to the environments temp

Four physical processes by which animals exchange heat with their environment 

1. conduction

2. conection

3. evaporation

4. radiation

Conduction

heat is directly transmitted through substances

ex. a lizard sitting on a hot rock

Convection

hot air rises, cool air sinks

Evaporation

removal of heat from a surface of a liquid

ex. dogs panting, humans sweating

Radiation

emission of electromagnetic waves

Countercurrent heat exchnage

Arterial blood is warm and flows out of the heart (down), warming the body, and venous blood is cold, cooling the heart, and flows into the heart (up)

Vasoconstriction

blood vessels get smaller, constrict, to reduce blood flow, helping to increase body temp

Vasodilation

blood vessels get bigger, dilate, and allow for more blood flow, decreasing body temp

Negative feedback

maintaining a set point by making adjustments until set point is reached again (homeostasis)

Positive feedback

accelerates until final resolution (not home static)

ex. childbirth, labor, fever, blood clots

Hibernation is

long term

ex. bears hibernate for the whole winter

Estivation is

short term

ex. squirrels hide during hot points of the day in summer